Simple Overview of Product Costing
SAP Product Costing deals with Plan Costing + Actual Costing of Finish products or Services.
CO comprises Product Costing + cost accounting integrated with FI.
It uses Integrated Cost Accounting.
Product costing also has 2 phases depending on the Mfg Scenarios. If you are a normal mfg comp, making goods to stock & sale, you have to first do planning of the costs of products initilally as a STD COST of a product. This is used in many phases in SAP CO acounting. In simple terms, you cost a product by different methods depending on different LIFE CYCLE phases of product. These are Development of new product. Growth stage by modifying it. Mature stage (mass prod). Decline Retirement of that product from Mfg+Mktng)
The whole CO process starts with this PLANNED costs of products & ends with totalling the STD Costs for Actual Production.
This is a simple Std cost Accounting system, in which the end result is calculating Variance bet Planned & Actual & analysing those for further corrective actions.
Product costing is well integrated to FI, but only where overhead cost accounting is used. Otherwise normally it used only for settlement.
All these actual costs of Prod are finally settled/offset to FI or Profitability segments.
SAP CO is a very vast & complicated module of all. It needs deep understanding of the subject.
This give you an overview glimpse of SAP CO.
Wednesday, June 25, 2008
Difference between Cost Centers and Internal Orders
Difference between Cost Centers and Internal Orders
Would any one please tell me that
1. What is the basic difference between Cost Centers and Internal orders?
2. I understand that their functionality is same like assessments, distribution etc. then why there are divided into Cost Centers and Internal orders?
3. How the data flows from Cost Centers and Internal Orders? ie is it first into Internal orders then to Cost Centers or Vice versa? or else the data is maintained independently?
4. Does settlement means running the Assessment cycle and distibuting the costs to various cost centers from an internal order?
5. How you determine the cost of an Order or cost for an order? ie how an Cost in Order is determined?
A cost center as you will know is for fixed reporting for a long time span as part of your company structure (cost center usually = department or work center).
An internal order is used to accumulate cost for a specific project or task for a specific time period. An internal order is therefore used for a short period with a specific deadline.
Your internal order will usually settle to cost centers (and not visa versa) according to the settlement rule in the order setup.
An internal order can therefore be used to group all the expenses incurred to plan and hold a conference over a 3 month period. The order can be settled on a monthly basis to cost centers.
When the conference is finished the order can be settled finally. The cost of the conference will then be spread over 2 or more cost centers, but can be viewed in total on the internal order when needed.
It is important to understand the difference between a settlement and an assessment cycle. An assessment cycle distributes costs from one cost center to various other cost centers. You cannot assess from a cost center to an internal order nor visa versa. Assessment cycles are only between cost centers.
Settlements are used for orders. In the setup of each order is a "settlement rule". In this settlement rule you tell the system to which cost centers the cost in the order must be settled.
Typically, you will execute the following procedure at month-ends:
1. Settle all orders - this will settle all costs on orders to cost centers.
2. Run assessment cycles - Now that you have al costs against cost centers from your orders, you can start distributing costs between cost centers with assessments.
Costs are posted to an order. When you process a purchase order you post to the internal order and not to a cost center. The same applies to journals in FI. You will post the costs to the order and not to a cost center. You will then settle the order on month-ends to post to the relevant cost centers. It is very important to settle these orders otherwise FI and CO will not
balance on your system.
Internal orders can also be used as "statistical" orders. This is also specified in the setup of the order. You do not have to settle statistical orders. When posting costs, you will post to the cost center and the order simultaneously. Both have to be specified when posting journals or purchase orders against statistical orders.
Would any one please tell me that
1. What is the basic difference between Cost Centers and Internal orders?
2. I understand that their functionality is same like assessments, distribution etc. then why there are divided into Cost Centers and Internal orders?
3. How the data flows from Cost Centers and Internal Orders? ie is it first into Internal orders then to Cost Centers or Vice versa? or else the data is maintained independently?
4. Does settlement means running the Assessment cycle and distibuting the costs to various cost centers from an internal order?
5. How you determine the cost of an Order or cost for an order? ie how an Cost in Order is determined?
A cost center as you will know is for fixed reporting for a long time span as part of your company structure (cost center usually = department or work center).
An internal order is used to accumulate cost for a specific project or task for a specific time period. An internal order is therefore used for a short period with a specific deadline.
Your internal order will usually settle to cost centers (and not visa versa) according to the settlement rule in the order setup.
An internal order can therefore be used to group all the expenses incurred to plan and hold a conference over a 3 month period. The order can be settled on a monthly basis to cost centers.
When the conference is finished the order can be settled finally. The cost of the conference will then be spread over 2 or more cost centers, but can be viewed in total on the internal order when needed.
It is important to understand the difference between a settlement and an assessment cycle. An assessment cycle distributes costs from one cost center to various other cost centers. You cannot assess from a cost center to an internal order nor visa versa. Assessment cycles are only between cost centers.
Settlements are used for orders. In the setup of each order is a "settlement rule". In this settlement rule you tell the system to which cost centers the cost in the order must be settled.
Typically, you will execute the following procedure at month-ends:
1. Settle all orders - this will settle all costs on orders to cost centers.
2. Run assessment cycles - Now that you have al costs against cost centers from your orders, you can start distributing costs between cost centers with assessments.
Costs are posted to an order. When you process a purchase order you post to the internal order and not to a cost center. The same applies to journals in FI. You will post the costs to the order and not to a cost center. You will then settle the order on month-ends to post to the relevant cost centers. It is very important to settle these orders otherwise FI and CO will not
balance on your system.
Internal orders can also be used as "statistical" orders. This is also specified in the setup of the order. You do not have to settle statistical orders. When posting costs, you will post to the cost center and the order simultaneously. Both have to be specified when posting journals or purchase orders against statistical orders.
Populating Transaction Type during Order Settlement
Populating Transaction Type during Order Settlement
You have an internal order that you want to settle to a balance sheet account. This accounts field status makes the transaction type (BSEG-BEWAR) required. During settlement you receive error message F5 808 stating that this field is status initial but the field is required. This field is not available to you in the settlement rule definition. Is it possible that this field is suppressed? You could not locate a means to display or require it if so. You attempted to resolve this using a substitution that would popluate the transaction type field. However, during execution you did not hit the breakpoint you put into the user exit. How to overcome this issue?
You can change the requirement of the field in the "Field Status" of the account (Financial Accounting -> General Ledger Accounting -> Business Transaction -> G/L Account Posting -> Carry Out and Check Documents Settings -> Maintain Field Status Variants)
or
In transaction OB41 where you define posting keys and its "Field status". Both "Field Status" are maybe differents, but if in one of them the field is like "required entry" you have to change it. But if you are posting a fixed asset account, you will need this field completed because it defines the movement you are making.
You have an internal order that you want to settle to a balance sheet account. This accounts field status makes the transaction type (BSEG-BEWAR) required. During settlement you receive error message F5 808 stating that this field is status initial but the field is required. This field is not available to you in the settlement rule definition. Is it possible that this field is suppressed? You could not locate a means to display or require it if so. You attempted to resolve this using a substitution that would popluate the transaction type field. However, during execution you did not hit the breakpoint you put into the user exit. How to overcome this issue?
You can change the requirement of the field in the "Field Status" of the account (Financial Accounting -> General Ledger Accounting -> Business Transaction -> G/L Account Posting -> Carry Out and Check Documents Settings -> Maintain Field Status Variants)
or
In transaction OB41 where you define posting keys and its "Field status". Both "Field Status" are maybe differents, but if in one of them the field is like "required entry" you have to change it. But if you are posting a fixed asset account, you will need this field completed because it defines the movement you are making.
What is Production Order Settlement?
What is Production Order Settlement?
Settlement is nothing but offsetting the costs to the FI portion. CO objects carry costs, which needs to be re-assignd to the G/L accounts where it comes from.
CO never generates any data, it only tracks the same onto some objects which are analysed for definite purpose of tracking the resources which are debits in FI as costs in G/L).
In simple words, the flow is like following -
1. Direct Costs are incurred ( like material consuption ) in form of issues to prod orders. These are captured in G/L. Whenever you issue, consumption account is debited. But are also debited to prod order as
Consumption...Dr
Inventory.......Cr
2. Indirect costs are incurred in form of debits to Cost centers in G/Ls. These are actually to be allocated & absorbed in Products via Prod Orders. So it is allocated to prod orders via diff media like costing sheet or Indirect activity allocations.
Here again Prod order is debited with some amount.
When the costs are incurred these should be transffered futher when the order is closed or deliverd to stock.
So whenever you deliver the order, the follwing entry is generated-
Inventory....Dr
Cost of Prod /Mfg Variance.....Cr
If your Fin Goods' predetermined cost are same as that of actual costs incurred, there will no price difference account affected. But when your plan cost ( target cost ) & actual costs are differnet, the difference is OFFSET or SETTELLED
to price diff accout as-
Cost of Prod / Mfg Var....Dr
Price diff acc..........Cr
Note that Price diff accont is not created as COST ELEMENT.
If actual cost is less than target cost, entry would be reverse.
Settlement is nothing but offsetting the costs to the FI portion. CO objects carry costs, which needs to be re-assignd to the G/L accounts where it comes from.
CO never generates any data, it only tracks the same onto some objects which are analysed for definite purpose of tracking the resources which are debits in FI as costs in G/L).
In simple words, the flow is like following -
1. Direct Costs are incurred ( like material consuption ) in form of issues to prod orders. These are captured in G/L. Whenever you issue, consumption account is debited. But are also debited to prod order as
Consumption...Dr
Inventory.......Cr
2. Indirect costs are incurred in form of debits to Cost centers in G/Ls. These are actually to be allocated & absorbed in Products via Prod Orders. So it is allocated to prod orders via diff media like costing sheet or Indirect activity allocations.
Here again Prod order is debited with some amount.
When the costs are incurred these should be transffered futher when the order is closed or deliverd to stock.
So whenever you deliver the order, the follwing entry is generated-
Inventory....Dr
Cost of Prod /Mfg Variance.....Cr
If your Fin Goods' predetermined cost are same as that of actual costs incurred, there will no price difference account affected. But when your plan cost ( target cost ) & actual costs are differnet, the difference is OFFSET or SETTELLED
to price diff accout as-
Cost of Prod / Mfg Var....Dr
Price diff acc..........Cr
Note that Price diff accont is not created as COST ELEMENT.
If actual cost is less than target cost, entry would be reverse.
How does one Deactivate a Cost Center
How does one Deactivate a Cost Center
How does one Deactivate a Cost Center?
I can find a tcode to Activate an Inactive one but how do I deactivate a CC. Or is it so simple I cannot see it...
Marios
Go to KS02- Change Cost Center. Go to the Control Tab. Tick on the checkbox for desired transaction activity you want to lock. Any postings made against the cost center under locked activity/ies will not be allowed.
Tiongco, Jezel D.
Thank you, I knew I could block the postings but I want to somehow make the Cost Center Look Inactive.
To explain:
In transaction OKEON (Change Standard Hierarchy) I have Green Dots for Active CC's. The legend (attached) says a Red Dot is for Inactive CC's.
How do you do that?
Marios
Hi Marios, If you want to change the status to inactive, the only optioin as far as my knowledge is concerned is to change the validity period. when you double click the cost centre, details of cost centre will be displayed at the bottom by T code OKEON and you will find the status of cost centre there, just right of that you will find button to change the validity period, change the period to some future date then it turns to inactive status.
Kittu
Excellent! It works.
Thank you very much.
I had changed the Validity Period before but I set it to start right where the previous time horizon ended so looking in the future this was always active.
How does one Deactivate a Cost Center?
I can find a tcode to Activate an Inactive one but how do I deactivate a CC. Or is it so simple I cannot see it...
Marios
Go to KS02- Change Cost Center. Go to the Control Tab. Tick on the checkbox for desired transaction activity you want to lock. Any postings made against the cost center under locked activity/ies will not be allowed.
Tiongco, Jezel D.
Thank you, I knew I could block the postings but I want to somehow make the Cost Center Look Inactive.
To explain:
In transaction OKEON (Change Standard Hierarchy) I have Green Dots for Active CC's. The legend (attached) says a Red Dot is for Inactive CC's.
How do you do that?
Marios
Hi Marios, If you want to change the status to inactive, the only optioin as far as my knowledge is concerned is to change the validity period. when you double click the cost centre, details of cost centre will be displayed at the bottom by T code OKEON and you will find the status of cost centre there, just right of that you will find button to change the validity period, change the period to some future date then it turns to inactive status.
Kittu
Excellent! It works.
Thank you very much.
I had changed the Validity Period before but I set it to start right where the previous time horizon ended so looking in the future this was always active.
Requires an Assignment to a CO Object
Requires an Assignment to a CO Object
The first time Account 820290 was only created in FI as a primary expense. After that this account was created in CO too as a secondary expense and any posting will appear an error: Account 820290 requires an assignment to a CO object
Question : How to correct this account back to FI only and not to appear in co?
Note :
Account 820290 requires an assignment to a CO object
Message no. KI 235
Diagnosis
You have not defined a CO account assignment for an account that is relevant to cost accounting.
System Response
Account 820290 is defined as a cost element.
This means that you must always specify a CO account assignment.
Procedure
Enter one of the following CO account assignments
Order
Cost center / cost center/ activity type
Sales order item (for a project or cost relevant)
Project / WBS element
Cost object (Process manufacturing)
Network/ Network activities
Business process
Profitability segment
Real estate object
The posting row affected is 000, account 820290.
First, if G/L account was created in FI, you can only create primary cost element in CO.
Secondary cost element can only be created if no account exists in FI.
Second, if you created the primary or secondary cost element in CO, you have to assign CO account assignment.
You can delete cost element in CO (KO04) if dependent objects found.
Third, when you create cost element in CO, documents would be also created in ‘Cost center accounting’ and ‘Profit center accounting’ when posing in FI. If no cost element exists in CO, no related documents would be created in CCA and PCA
The first time Account 820290 was only created in FI as a primary expense. After that this account was created in CO too as a secondary expense and any posting will appear an error: Account 820290 requires an assignment to a CO object
Question : How to correct this account back to FI only and not to appear in co?
Note :
Account 820290 requires an assignment to a CO object
Message no. KI 235
Diagnosis
You have not defined a CO account assignment for an account that is relevant to cost accounting.
System Response
Account 820290 is defined as a cost element.
This means that you must always specify a CO account assignment.
Procedure
Enter one of the following CO account assignments
Order
Cost center / cost center/ activity type
Sales order item (for a project or cost relevant)
Project / WBS element
Cost object (Process manufacturing)
Network/ Network activities
Business process
Profitability segment
Real estate object
The posting row affected is 000, account 820290.
First, if G/L account was created in FI, you can only create primary cost element in CO.
Secondary cost element can only be created if no account exists in FI.
Second, if you created the primary or secondary cost element in CO, you have to assign CO account assignment.
You can delete cost element in CO (KO04) if dependent objects found.
Third, when you create cost element in CO, documents would be also created in ‘Cost center accounting’ and ‘Profit center accounting’ when posing in FI. If no cost element exists in CO, no related documents would be created in CCA and PCA
Difference Between Primary and Secondary Cost Element
Difference Between Primary and Secondary Cost Element
Explain the difference between primary and secondary cost element? With an example.
Primary cost elements are like materail costs, personnel costs, energy costs... where a corresponding GL account exists in FI..to allow costs to flow...
Secondary cost elements are like production costs, material overheads, production overheads, they can be created and administered in only CO. These are used in internal cost allocation, overhead calculation, settlement transactions., it does not flow to FI...
General - Cost Element
----------------------------------
Basically, cost element are carriers of costs.
Primary Cost Element
--------------------------------
When cost element carriers cost between FI and CO they are called Primary, the link is established GL A/c = Cost element(Primary). A question may arise as to whether all GL accounts are cost element, it again depends upon the business requirement, where COPA is active then revenue account (GL) are also cost elements, where COPA is not active then revenue account (GL) should not be made as an cost element.
Example....
Again cost of goods sold particularly in VAX (make to stock) is not an cost element, where the same COGS in VAY (make to order) is a cost element. Price Difference account should not be made as cost element.
Entry while booking expenses
Travel Expenses A/c - with Cost Centre Dr. Rs.YY
(will be a GL A/c and cost element) - entries flows to CO thru FI
To Cash A/c Cr. Rs.YY
Secondary Cost Element
-------------------------------------
When cost element carries cost with in CO, then they are called secondary cost element.
Example.... - Take Product Costing
---------------------------------------------------
On manufacture of the goods the cost of the above product (production order) is arrived at accumulating material cost + operational cost + overheads (%), additive cost if any.
The cost of operation is accumulated in cost centre be it production / production service / service cost centres, while booking FI entries.
Those operational cost has to be allocated to production order based on operational activities carried on and its cost involved in it. Those operation activities in CO are termed as activity types and has to link the same in KP26 with rates and cost centre (ie., sender cost centre and receiver production order).
In order to find the production order cost, the allocation of cost from sender cost centre to production order for the operational activities carried on and its cost associated with it, have to be loaded, hence in CO the cost centre allocate that portion of operational cost to production order, and this cost is carried by a cost element (since there are no FI involvement and entries are flowing within CO by crediting sender cost centre and debiting receiver production order a cost element has to be created.... say "Operational Cost - Activity" the entry will be
Operational Cost - Activity (Production Order) Dr Rs.XX
To Operational Cost - Activity (Cost Centre) Cr Rs.XX
The entries are with in CO. And the cost element created is secondary since it does not has an link with GL Account in FI correspondingly.
In CO the production order and cost centre are co object including but not limited to.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary cost element? With an example.
Primary cost elements are like materail costs, personnel costs, energy costs... where a corresponding GL account exists in FI..to allow costs to flow...
Secondary cost elements are like production costs, material overheads, production overheads, they can be created and administered in only CO. These are used in internal cost allocation, overhead calculation, settlement transactions., it does not flow to FI...
General - Cost Element
----------------------------------
Basically, cost element are carriers of costs.
Primary Cost Element
--------------------------------
When cost element carriers cost between FI and CO they are called Primary, the link is established GL A/c = Cost element(Primary). A question may arise as to whether all GL accounts are cost element, it again depends upon the business requirement, where COPA is active then revenue account (GL) are also cost elements, where COPA is not active then revenue account (GL) should not be made as an cost element.
Example....
Again cost of goods sold particularly in VAX (make to stock) is not an cost element, where the same COGS in VAY (make to order) is a cost element. Price Difference account should not be made as cost element.
Entry while booking expenses
Travel Expenses A/c - with Cost Centre Dr. Rs.YY
(will be a GL A/c and cost element) - entries flows to CO thru FI
To Cash A/c Cr. Rs.YY
Secondary Cost Element
-------------------------------------
When cost element carries cost with in CO, then they are called secondary cost element.
Example.... - Take Product Costing
---------------------------------------------------
On manufacture of the goods the cost of the above product (production order) is arrived at accumulating material cost + operational cost + overheads (%), additive cost if any.
The cost of operation is accumulated in cost centre be it production / production service / service cost centres, while booking FI entries.
Those operational cost has to be allocated to production order based on operational activities carried on and its cost involved in it. Those operation activities in CO are termed as activity types and has to link the same in KP26 with rates and cost centre (ie., sender cost centre and receiver production order).
In order to find the production order cost, the allocation of cost from sender cost centre to production order for the operational activities carried on and its cost associated with it, have to be loaded, hence in CO the cost centre allocate that portion of operational cost to production order, and this cost is carried by a cost element (since there are no FI involvement and entries are flowing within CO by crediting sender cost centre and debiting receiver production order a cost element has to be created.... say "Operational Cost - Activity" the entry will be
Operational Cost - Activity (Production Order) Dr Rs.XX
To Operational Cost - Activity (Cost Centre) Cr Rs.XX
The entries are with in CO. And the cost element created is secondary since it does not has an link with GL Account in FI correspondingly.
In CO the production order and cost centre are co object including but not limited to.
SAP Controlling FAQ
SAP Controlling FAQ
CONTROLLING
Controlling: Controlling provides you with information for management decision-making. If facilitates co-ordination, monitoring and optimization of all process in an organization.
Features of Controlling: Cost Center Accounting, Activity Based Accounting, Internal Orders, Product Costing, & Profitability Analysis.
Controlling Area: Organization unit that represents a closed system Used for accounting purposes.
You can assign one or more company codes to one controlling area.
If you assign more than one company code to one controlling area, then you need to note the following.
1) Consistent Chart of a/c’s (Treat each cost element in all company codes in same way).
2) The Operative fiscal year variants in the company codes must match the fiscal year variant in controlling area.
3) You should execute period end closing in controlling for all company codes at same time.
4) The system only post reconciliation posting across company codes without taxes, which means that it cannot automatically create invoice.
5) Maintain controlling area - OKKP .
6) Maintain no. ranges for controlling documents - KANK
7) Maintain versions - OKEQ
COST ELEMENT ACCOUNTING
Cost Elements: Cost Elements Describe the origin of costs. Cost element classifies the organization valuated consumption of production factors within a controlling area.
Primary Cost Elements: These arise through the consumption of productions factors that are sourced externally. Primary cost elements are used for direct posting and must be accompanied in GL a/c’s in FI.
T-code : KA02 : The categories are follows
1) General primary cost element, 03 - Imputed cost element percentage method 4 - Imputed cost element, target = Actual Method, 11- Revenue elements, & 12 - sales deductions.
Secondary Cost Elements: Cost elements arise through the consumption of production factor’s that are provided internally i.e., by enterprise itself. Secondary cost elements are used strictly for internal controlling posting like assessments and settlements. T-code - ka06
Category: 12 - internal settlements, 31 - Result analyses, 41 - overhead’s, 42 - assessments etc. Cost Element Group - kah1
COST CENTER’S
Cost Center’s: Organizational Unit within a controlling area that represents a defined location of cost incurrence. The definition can be based on 1) Functional Requirement, 2) Allocation criteria, 3) Physical location and 4) Responsibilities for cost.
Change Cost center hierarchy - OKEON
Creation of Cost Center - KS01
Distribution: Was created to transfer primary costs from a sender cost center to receiving controlling objects. Distribution is primary cost elements.
Define Distribution - KSV1
Execute “” - KSV5
Assessment: Was created to transfer primary and secondary costs from a sender cost center to receiving controlling objects.
During assessment, the original cost elements are summarized into assessment cost elements (secondary cost element, category=42).
Define Assessment - KSU1
Execute Assessment - KSU5
Activity Types: Categorizes productions and services activities provided by a cost center to the organization and used for allocating costs for internal activities to the originates of the costs.
Creation of Allocation Cost elements - KA06
Creating/Maintaining the Activity types - KL01
Statistical key figures: Are used as the basis (tracing factor) on which to make allocations (assessments & distributions) and to analyze structural key figures.
CONTROLLING
Controlling: Controlling provides you with information for management decision-making. If facilitates co-ordination, monitoring and optimization of all process in an organization.
Features of Controlling: Cost Center Accounting, Activity Based Accounting, Internal Orders, Product Costing, & Profitability Analysis.
Controlling Area: Organization unit that represents a closed system Used for accounting purposes.
You can assign one or more company codes to one controlling area.
If you assign more than one company code to one controlling area, then you need to note the following.
1) Consistent Chart of a/c’s (Treat each cost element in all company codes in same way).
2) The Operative fiscal year variants in the company codes must match the fiscal year variant in controlling area.
3) You should execute period end closing in controlling for all company codes at same time.
4) The system only post reconciliation posting across company codes without taxes, which means that it cannot automatically create invoice.
5) Maintain controlling area - OKKP .
6) Maintain no. ranges for controlling documents - KANK
7) Maintain versions - OKEQ
COST ELEMENT ACCOUNTING
Cost Elements: Cost Elements Describe the origin of costs. Cost element classifies the organization valuated consumption of production factors within a controlling area.
Primary Cost Elements: These arise through the consumption of productions factors that are sourced externally. Primary cost elements are used for direct posting and must be accompanied in GL a/c’s in FI.
T-code : KA02 : The categories are follows
1) General primary cost element, 03 - Imputed cost element percentage method 4 - Imputed cost element, target = Actual Method, 11- Revenue elements, & 12 - sales deductions.
Secondary Cost Elements: Cost elements arise through the consumption of production factor’s that are provided internally i.e., by enterprise itself. Secondary cost elements are used strictly for internal controlling posting like assessments and settlements. T-code - ka06
Category: 12 - internal settlements, 31 - Result analyses, 41 - overhead’s, 42 - assessments etc. Cost Element Group - kah1
COST CENTER’S
Cost Center’s: Organizational Unit within a controlling area that represents a defined location of cost incurrence. The definition can be based on 1) Functional Requirement, 2) Allocation criteria, 3) Physical location and 4) Responsibilities for cost.
Change Cost center hierarchy - OKEON
Creation of Cost Center - KS01
Distribution: Was created to transfer primary costs from a sender cost center to receiving controlling objects. Distribution is primary cost elements.
Define Distribution - KSV1
Execute “” - KSV5
Assessment: Was created to transfer primary and secondary costs from a sender cost center to receiving controlling objects.
During assessment, the original cost elements are summarized into assessment cost elements (secondary cost element, category=42).
Define Assessment - KSU1
Execute Assessment - KSU5
Activity Types: Categorizes productions and services activities provided by a cost center to the organization and used for allocating costs for internal activities to the originates of the costs.
Creation of Allocation Cost elements - KA06
Creating/Maintaining the Activity types - KL01
Statistical key figures: Are used as the basis (tracing factor) on which to make allocations (assessments & distributions) and to analyze structural key figures.
Cost Component Split In FICO
Cost Component Split In FICO
Can someone brief what is cost component split? What config is to be done?
In addition to standard iteration, price calculation enables you to calculate prices as a cost component split. This means that the output price of an activity type can be split into a maximum of 40 cost components. These cost components represent either:
Individual cost components (such as wages, salaries, or operating supplies) or the costs of complete cost centers (such as energy or maintenance cost centers).
The cost component split enables you to analyze which cost components are contained in the output prices of the activity types.
You can then control cost elements, cost element groups, and also entire cost centers in cost component splits. The corresponding cost center costs and the costs of the cost centers providing the activity are channeled into this cost component split. For example, if you have assigned the salary cost element to component 1 (salaries), then the system displays the salaries (for example, for a production cost center) in this cost component. If a plant maintenance cost center provides services to the production center, then the salaries for the plant maintenance cost center are assigned to this cost component.
Cost center splitting apportions activity independent costs to the activity types of the cost center. It does this by multiplying the total of the activity independent costs by the equivalence number of the activity type, and then dividing by the sum of the equivalence numbers. So if there are two activities, one with equivalence number 1 and the second activity has an eqivalence number of 2, then 1/3 of the activity independent costs will be apportioned to activity one, and 2/3 will be apportioned to activity two.
Activity independent costs are always fixed, so any variable costs will need to be planned as activity dependent costs.
Planned cost center splitting happens automatically when calculating the activity price. You can view what costs will be apportioned during activity price calculation by clicking on the Splitting menu item.
I've ran cost splitting against one cost centre. For this cost centre I know the planned activity rate (per hour) and the planned quantity (in hours) but the target cost calculated for the activity is slightly different to the result of these two multiplied together.
Is this calculation correct please?
Planned act. qty in period @ planned act. rate for period = target costs
If you have only one Activity for the cost center, then you do not need to run splitting. Just run activity price calculation. Splitting is required only if you are allocating the same costs to 2 or more activities.
The calculation is generally right. The other thing to check will be rounding of the time (mins/hours) and value.
Can someone brief what is cost component split? What config is to be done?
In addition to standard iteration, price calculation enables you to calculate prices as a cost component split. This means that the output price of an activity type can be split into a maximum of 40 cost components. These cost components represent either:
Individual cost components (such as wages, salaries, or operating supplies) or the costs of complete cost centers (such as energy or maintenance cost centers).
The cost component split enables you to analyze which cost components are contained in the output prices of the activity types.
You can then control cost elements, cost element groups, and also entire cost centers in cost component splits. The corresponding cost center costs and the costs of the cost centers providing the activity are channeled into this cost component split. For example, if you have assigned the salary cost element to component 1 (salaries), then the system displays the salaries (for example, for a production cost center) in this cost component. If a plant maintenance cost center provides services to the production center, then the salaries for the plant maintenance cost center are assigned to this cost component.
Cost center splitting apportions activity independent costs to the activity types of the cost center. It does this by multiplying the total of the activity independent costs by the equivalence number of the activity type, and then dividing by the sum of the equivalence numbers. So if there are two activities, one with equivalence number 1 and the second activity has an eqivalence number of 2, then 1/3 of the activity independent costs will be apportioned to activity one, and 2/3 will be apportioned to activity two.
Activity independent costs are always fixed, so any variable costs will need to be planned as activity dependent costs.
Planned cost center splitting happens automatically when calculating the activity price. You can view what costs will be apportioned during activity price calculation by clicking on the Splitting menu item.
I've ran cost splitting against one cost centre. For this cost centre I know the planned activity rate (per hour) and the planned quantity (in hours) but the target cost calculated for the activity is slightly different to the result of these two multiplied together.
Is this calculation correct please?
Planned act. qty in period @ planned act. rate for period = target costs
If you have only one Activity for the cost center, then you do not need to run splitting. Just run activity price calculation. Splitting is required only if you are allocating the same costs to 2 or more activities.
The calculation is generally right. The other thing to check will be rounding of the time (mins/hours) and value.
Thursday, June 12, 2008
Why and When to use Business Area SAP FICO Company/Business Area
Can any body tell me why we want to use business area and where it is going to be used, as I know it helps in consolidation and still more?
Business Areas in SAP are used to differentiate transactions originating from different points/lines/locations in business. Let me give some examples to elucidiate:-
A company (say, ABC) is a huge company and has a variety of businesses under it. Let us say that it typically operates in 3 different domains like machinery manufacturing, trading and assembling of machine parts.
There are 2 options here now -
1. Either create different company codes for the 3 business operations (which would be the easiest and require no creativity)
or
2.) Create each of these business lines into business areas (the better option).
The advantages of using the second option is:
1. You can use these business areas if other company codes require the same areas
2. The configuration is simpler as in case of company code, you would require to go through the entire configuration of creating Chart of Accounts, Fiscal Year variants, posting periods variants and so on. In the business area option, you just need to attach it to the company code and the rest of the details in Business area is attached by default from the company code you are using it in.
3. Using the options in controlling (EC-PCA, Enterprise Controlling, Profit Centre Accounting), you can even draw up Balance Sheets and PL statements for your business areas and hence this is used for management accounting in some companies (like HP, Dell, etc) when it wants to know the operating profits for different business areas/lines.
The above was an example when the company wanted to separate entries according to the lines it operates in... the other case could be when it wants to find out profitability during its operations in cities and differentiates these cities into Business
Areas...
Business Areas are not much relevant in FI but are much more relevant in CO.
Hope this clears.
You have given a very good example for Business Area. I have questions.
If I want the B/s and P&L Account for Business Area wise, I can take it. But, How about those transactions which are not assigned any business area during the document entry.
Let me first be sure of what you are asking. Is it:
1) You want the B/S and P/L statements of transactions carried out in areas other than the business areas defined by you? or
2) You only want to view the transactions that were not carried out in any business area?
Whatever were your doubts, let me clarify.
If your doubt was the first one, then, in that case, the financial statements will not be available. There are reasons for the same. All transactions in FI pass through G/L accounts. The data in FI is then passed to CO through primary cost elements.
According to the settings that you have configured for your controlling area and operating concern, the costs are distributed to the various cost centers (Cost Center Accounting & CO-PA). The costs are then apportioned to the various cost centers (which may or may not be a part of your business areas or may be independent cost centers). Now, with this data, financial statements of the business area are drawn up. For transactions not part of business area, they are transferred to independent cost centers (e.g. like Head Office Salaries, HR, etc) and hence, cannot be drawn up as a financial statement but just as line item displays in your reconciliation ledger (if you have activated it in the CO-OM-CEL {Cost Element Accounting})
[The answer to your second doubt, I hope].
Financial statements of Business areas are unbalanced because not always does the debit and credit entries of a transaction lie in the same business area/cost center; but for cost accounting purposes, they are reasonably sufficient.
I hope this clears.
Thank you for the reply. I understand I need to give more clearly about my doubt.
I want to configure FI and other modules and there is no CO or operating concern. But I want Balance sheet and Profit and Loss Account for each of the business area.
As you aware, the business area can be defined above or below company code level.
Is it possible to get what I want.
In order to generate BS and P&L at business area level you should carry out the following:
1. You should have activated " Enable BA balance sheet" under enter global parametets in FA global settings.
2. You should do configuration under the transaction code "OBXM"
3. You also have run the transaction codes f.50 for P&L and 5.d & 5.e for Balance sheet readjustment.
System automatically posts the taxes and reconciliation accounts of NIL BA transactions to BA and tally the trial balance of all B. areas
Your explanations were excellent and precise, but I have a quick question why would one use business area against a profit center as business area data is never precise and getting a balance sheet report via business area is not recommended. Profit center would be better just a doubt please clarify
Why would I use business area against a profit center?" is a very pertinent one and conceptually necessary. Let me explain to you what a profit center exactly means, both in SAP terminology and in management accounting.
In management accounting, a profit center is an area or department from where the management wants to find out the return on investment or ROI, as the accountants know it. The concept in SAP is similar as it is used by management to find out the ROI. On the other hand, business areas are just segregation of business transaction origins. So, a certain business area can have more than one profit center within it. Both have their unique uses and both have their unique features.
Using the above understanding, you can easily work out where you would use business centers and where you would use profit centers.
Hope this clears,
Thanks for the explanation its good thanks
Creating and Maintain SAP Business Area
You can set up several business areas for each client so that the system can assign the postings made in all company codes defined in this client.
To ensure consistency in document entry, you should give business areas the same name in all company codes.
Goto transaction SM30 and specify the view V_TGSB
To maintain to business area click the Maintain button.
Business Areas in SAP are used to differentiate transactions originating from different points/lines/locations in business. Let me give some examples to elucidiate:-
A company (say, ABC) is a huge company and has a variety of businesses under it. Let us say that it typically operates in 3 different domains like machinery manufacturing, trading and assembling of machine parts.
There are 2 options here now -
1. Either create different company codes for the 3 business operations (which would be the easiest and require no creativity)
or
2.) Create each of these business lines into business areas (the better option).
The advantages of using the second option is:
1. You can use these business areas if other company codes require the same areas
2. The configuration is simpler as in case of company code, you would require to go through the entire configuration of creating Chart of Accounts, Fiscal Year variants, posting periods variants and so on. In the business area option, you just need to attach it to the company code and the rest of the details in Business area is attached by default from the company code you are using it in.
3. Using the options in controlling (EC-PCA, Enterprise Controlling, Profit Centre Accounting), you can even draw up Balance Sheets and PL statements for your business areas and hence this is used for management accounting in some companies (like HP, Dell, etc) when it wants to know the operating profits for different business areas/lines.
The above was an example when the company wanted to separate entries according to the lines it operates in... the other case could be when it wants to find out profitability during its operations in cities and differentiates these cities into Business
Areas...
Business Areas are not much relevant in FI but are much more relevant in CO.
Hope this clears.
You have given a very good example for Business Area. I have questions.
If I want the B/s and P&L Account for Business Area wise, I can take it. But, How about those transactions which are not assigned any business area during the document entry.
Let me first be sure of what you are asking. Is it:
1) You want the B/S and P/L statements of transactions carried out in areas other than the business areas defined by you? or
2) You only want to view the transactions that were not carried out in any business area?
Whatever were your doubts, let me clarify.
If your doubt was the first one, then, in that case, the financial statements will not be available. There are reasons for the same. All transactions in FI pass through G/L accounts. The data in FI is then passed to CO through primary cost elements.
According to the settings that you have configured for your controlling area and operating concern, the costs are distributed to the various cost centers (Cost Center Accounting & CO-PA). The costs are then apportioned to the various cost centers (which may or may not be a part of your business areas or may be independent cost centers). Now, with this data, financial statements of the business area are drawn up. For transactions not part of business area, they are transferred to independent cost centers (e.g. like Head Office Salaries, HR, etc) and hence, cannot be drawn up as a financial statement but just as line item displays in your reconciliation ledger (if you have activated it in the CO-OM-CEL {Cost Element Accounting})
[The answer to your second doubt, I hope].
Financial statements of Business areas are unbalanced because not always does the debit and credit entries of a transaction lie in the same business area/cost center; but for cost accounting purposes, they are reasonably sufficient.
I hope this clears.
Thank you for the reply. I understand I need to give more clearly about my doubt.
I want to configure FI and other modules and there is no CO or operating concern. But I want Balance sheet and Profit and Loss Account for each of the business area.
As you aware, the business area can be defined above or below company code level.
Is it possible to get what I want.
In order to generate BS and P&L at business area level you should carry out the following:
1. You should have activated " Enable BA balance sheet" under enter global parametets in FA global settings.
2. You should do configuration under the transaction code "OBXM"
3. You also have run the transaction codes f.50 for P&L and 5.d & 5.e for Balance sheet readjustment.
System automatically posts the taxes and reconciliation accounts of NIL BA transactions to BA and tally the trial balance of all B. areas
Your explanations were excellent and precise, but I have a quick question why would one use business area against a profit center as business area data is never precise and getting a balance sheet report via business area is not recommended. Profit center would be better just a doubt please clarify
Why would I use business area against a profit center?" is a very pertinent one and conceptually necessary. Let me explain to you what a profit center exactly means, both in SAP terminology and in management accounting.
In management accounting, a profit center is an area or department from where the management wants to find out the return on investment or ROI, as the accountants know it. The concept in SAP is similar as it is used by management to find out the ROI. On the other hand, business areas are just segregation of business transaction origins. So, a certain business area can have more than one profit center within it. Both have their unique uses and both have their unique features.
Using the above understanding, you can easily work out where you would use business centers and where you would use profit centers.
Hope this clears,
Thanks for the explanation its good thanks
Creating and Maintain SAP Business Area
You can set up several business areas for each client so that the system can assign the postings made in all company codes defined in this client.
To ensure consistency in document entry, you should give business areas the same name in all company codes.
Goto transaction SM30 and specify the view V_TGSB
To maintain to business area click the Maintain button.
Fastest way to create a SAP Company Code SAP FICO Company/Business Area
SAP recommends that you used EC01 to copy an existing company code to a new one.
This has the advantage that you also copy the existing company code-specific parameters.
If necessary, you can then change certain data in the relevant application.
This is much less time-consuming than creating a new company code.
---------------
This has the advantage that you also copy the existing company code-specific parameters.
If necessary, you can then change certain data in the relevant application.
This is much less time-consuming than creating a new company code.
---------------
Meaning and Creation of Company codes SAP FICO Company/Business Area
Which is the best method to create a company code.
- copy an existing company code or copying from country templates.
What is the process involved in copying from a country template.
For configuring SAP, generally three steps are required
1) create company name and address
2) creation of company code
3) currency and country setting
4) Assign company code to company
In same organisation i.e. in one company more than two company codes are maintaing, then its better to copy from other company code from ec01, later on you can customised/change specific settings according to client requirements.
If your want seperate setting in your own company code, that time its better to configure by creation rather than copy
In above that is your choice and need for reqirement.
Otherwise you can upload certain data by creating company code.
Now my doubt is What is the Difference between Company and Company Code?
Company is the smallest organizational unit for which individual financial statement can be drawn according to the relevant commercial law.
Company code is the smallest organizational unit for which complete, self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for external reporting purposes
Company - A company is a legal entity or a organisation which is to carry out a business and under a company you have lot of sub companies.
For Example
Tata is a company
TCS,Tata Power,Tata Steel, is a company code under a company TATA
Under Company code you have business area associated with it where the business areas may be scattered in different parts of the world where you can have reporting done for different business area or you can also call it as Profit Centre.
A company is the Group of company and company code is the all the companies for which u want seperate books of accounts. Company codes are assigned to company for consolidation purpose.
example :- reliance is the company
and RIL,Reliance infocomm,Reliance Petrochem etc are the company codes.
All these co.codes are assigned to reliance company for consolidation purpose.
Along with that technical difference is COMPANY cosists of 6 digit alphanumeric key where as COMPANY CODE cosists of 4 digit alphanumeric key.
Company means group company for example : Tata Group
Company code means one of the company of its group ex:
Tata Chemicals, TCS, Tata Steels etc.
- copy an existing company code or copying from country templates.
What is the process involved in copying from a country template.
For configuring SAP, generally three steps are required
1) create company name and address
2) creation of company code
3) currency and country setting
4) Assign company code to company
In same organisation i.e. in one company more than two company codes are maintaing, then its better to copy from other company code from ec01, later on you can customised/change specific settings according to client requirements.
If your want seperate setting in your own company code, that time its better to configure by creation rather than copy
In above that is your choice and need for reqirement.
Otherwise you can upload certain data by creating company code.
Now my doubt is What is the Difference between Company and Company Code?
Company is the smallest organizational unit for which individual financial statement can be drawn according to the relevant commercial law.
Company code is the smallest organizational unit for which complete, self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for external reporting purposes
Company - A company is a legal entity or a organisation which is to carry out a business and under a company you have lot of sub companies.
For Example
Tata is a company
TCS,Tata Power,Tata Steel, is a company code under a company TATA
Under Company code you have business area associated with it where the business areas may be scattered in different parts of the world where you can have reporting done for different business area or you can also call it as Profit Centre.
A company is the Group of company and company code is the all the companies for which u want seperate books of accounts. Company codes are assigned to company for consolidation purpose.
example :- reliance is the company
and RIL,Reliance infocomm,Reliance Petrochem etc are the company codes.
All these co.codes are assigned to reliance company for consolidation purpose.
Along with that technical difference is COMPANY cosists of 6 digit alphanumeric key where as COMPANY CODE cosists of 4 digit alphanumeric key.
Company means group company for example : Tata Group
Company code means one of the company of its group ex:
Tata Chemicals, TCS, Tata Steels etc.
Change in Company Code Currency SAP FICO Company/Business Area
You are a live site in China using company code currency as "RMB". The client would like to change the same to "JPY". How to achieve the same and the impact of the same?
This will be a big task for you.
We did the same project before.
What's your strategy?
You`ll use the same client for the new currency, or you`ll have a brand new one.
What we`ve done before was creating a brand new environtment.
These were our strategies :
1. copied all the customization in a new client, no transactions and no master datas. so you`ll have the same settings
with your live system.
2. created a new company code with the new currency, and copy all the customization. this step was to minimize our
step in recustomization.
3. uploaded all the master datas...and started to do a new transaction. thats what we did. and fortunately our client
was satisfied w our job:D
The suggestion is don't do that in a live system or else you`ll have a big problem then.
This will be a big task for you.
We did the same project before.
What's your strategy?
You`ll use the same client for the new currency, or you`ll have a brand new one.
What we`ve done before was creating a brand new environtment.
These were our strategies :
1. copied all the customization in a new client, no transactions and no master datas. so you`ll have the same settings
with your live system.
2. created a new company code with the new currency, and copy all the customization. this step was to minimize our
step in recustomization.
3. uploaded all the master datas...and started to do a new transaction. thats what we did. and fortunately our client
was satisfied w our job:D
The suggestion is don't do that in a live system or else you`ll have a big problem then.
Explain The Difference In Currency SAP FICO Company/Business Area
Explain the difference between group currency, parellel currency, hard currency and index based currency. Explain the context in which we use these.
Definition for different currencies:
Object currency - CO - A currency defined in the master record of a Controlling object (cost center, internal order, and
so on). When you create a Controlling object, the controlling area currency is defaulted as the object currency. You can change this.
Transaction Currency - the currency in which a business transaction is processed and booked. The business transaction can be posted in the transaction currency as well as in the local currency. This can occur when the trading partners use different local currencies. The transaction currency can differ from the controlling area currency and the object currency. The SAP system can perform currency translations using a predefined average exchange rate.
Hard currency - Hard Currencies are used in countries with high inflation to improve the value of transaction. When a
hard currency is selected, the document is automatically updated in the local currency and the hard currency. The config for hard currency is done at the country level
Group Currency - Group currencies are defined at the client level in table T000. Group currencies are used to enable
cross-company postings in controlling for company codes that use different company code currencies.
Index –Based Currency - Index based currencies are used for statutory reporting purposes for subsidiaries in some countries
that have an extreme amount of inflation.
Parallel currency - For company code, we may have one local currency and up to two parallel currencies in the system. All
documents are posted in both the local and parallel currencies. A hard currency is one type of parallel currency.
Definition for different currencies:
Object currency - CO - A currency defined in the master record of a Controlling object (cost center, internal order, and
so on). When you create a Controlling object, the controlling area currency is defaulted as the object currency. You can change this.
Transaction Currency - the currency in which a business transaction is processed and booked. The business transaction can be posted in the transaction currency as well as in the local currency. This can occur when the trading partners use different local currencies. The transaction currency can differ from the controlling area currency and the object currency. The SAP system can perform currency translations using a predefined average exchange rate.
Hard currency - Hard Currencies are used in countries with high inflation to improve the value of transaction. When a
hard currency is selected, the document is automatically updated in the local currency and the hard currency. The config for hard currency is done at the country level
Group Currency - Group currencies are defined at the client level in table T000. Group currencies are used to enable
cross-company postings in controlling for company codes that use different company code currencies.
Index –Based Currency - Index based currencies are used for statutory reporting purposes for subsidiaries in some countries
that have an extreme amount of inflation.
Parallel currency - For company code, we may have one local currency and up to two parallel currencies in the system. All
documents are posted in both the local and parallel currencies. A hard currency is one type of parallel currency.
What is Valuation Area and Valuation Class SAP FICO Company/Business Area
What is Valuation Area? How is it linked with Valuation Class? What is the significance of Valuation Area?
Valuation areas are nothing but the level at which you want to valuate your materials. SAP provides two levels of valuation Plant level and company code level.
For example:
Valuation at plant level: Suppose you have two plants one in Hissar and one in Andhra Pradesh, Then of course you would like to valuate the rawmaterials at plant level as because you have got transportation cost and taxes etc to account for.
Valuation at company code level:Here you valuate all your material in same way.
In One client valuation areas can either be set to plant level or company code level. Once you have made this setting this cant be changed
Valuation classes are linked to valuation class in Tcode OBYC
If your valuation area is at plant level then in OBYC you will find a coloumn for Valuation modifier you can provide your plant there.
For example:
Valuation Mod Valuation class Account
plant 1 3000 200130
Valuation areas are nothing but the level at which you want to valuate your materials. SAP provides two levels of valuation Plant level and company code level.
For example:
Valuation at plant level: Suppose you have two plants one in Hissar and one in Andhra Pradesh, Then of course you would like to valuate the rawmaterials at plant level as because you have got transportation cost and taxes etc to account for.
Valuation at company code level:Here you valuate all your material in same way.
In One client valuation areas can either be set to plant level or company code level. Once you have made this setting this cant be changed
Valuation classes are linked to valuation class in Tcode OBYC
If your valuation area is at plant level then in OBYC you will find a coloumn for Valuation modifier you can provide your plant there.
For example:
Valuation Mod Valuation class Account
plant 1 3000 200130
Why and When to use Business Area
Why and When to use Business Area
Can any body tell me why we want to use business area and where it is going to be used, as I know it helps in consolidation and still more?
CG.Gopinath
Business Areas in SAP are used to differentiate transactions originating from different points/lines/locations in business. Let me give some examples to elucidiate:-
A company (say, ABC) is a huge company and has a variety of businesses under it. Let us say that it typically operates in 3 different domains like machinery manufacturing, trading and assembling of machine parts.
There are 2 options here now -
1. Either create different company codes for the 3 business operations (which would be the easiest and require no creativity)
or
2.) Create each of these business lines into business areas (the better option).
The advantages of using the second option is:
1. You can use these business areas if other company codes require the same areas
2. The configuration is simpler as in case of company code, you would require to go through the entire configuration of creating Chart of Accounts, Fiscal Year variants, posting periods variants and so on. In the business area option, you just need to attach it to the company code and the rest of the details in Business area is attached by default from the company code you are using it in.
3. Using the options in controlling (EC-PCA, Enterprise Controlling, Profit Centre Accounting), you can even draw up Balance Sheets and PL statements for your business areas and hence this is used for management accounting in some companies (like HP, Dell, etc) when it wants to know the operating profits for different business areas/lines.
The above was an example when the company wanted to separate entries according to the lines it operates in... the other case could be when it wants to find out profitability during its operations in cities and differentiates these cities into Business
Areas...
Business Areas are not much relevant in FI but are much more relevant in CO.
Hope this clears.
Jacob Joseph
You have given a very good example for Business Area. I have questions.
If I want the B/s and P&L Account for Business Area wise, I can take it. But, How about those transactions which are not assigned any business area during the document entry.
Kotni
Let me first be sure of what you are asking. Is it:
1) You want the B/S and P/L statements of transactions carried out in areas other than the business areas defined by you? or
2) You only want to view the transactions that were not carried out in any business area?
Whatever were your doubts, let me clarify.
If your doubt was the first one, then, in that case, the financial statements will not be available. There are reasons for the same. All transactions in FI pass through G/L accounts. The data in FI is then passed to CO through primary cost elements.
According to the settings that you have configured for your controlling area and operating concern, the costs are distributed to the various cost centers (Cost Center Accounting & CO-PA). The costs are then apportioned to the various cost centers (which may or may not be a part of your business areas or may be independent cost centers). Now, with this data, financial statements of the business area are drawn up. For transactions not part of business area, they are transferred to independent cost centers (e.g. like Head Office Salaries, HR, etc) and hence, cannot be drawn up as a financial statement but just as line item displays in your reconciliation ledger (if you have activated it in the CO-OM-CEL {Cost Element Accounting})
[The answer to your second doubt, I hope].
Financial statements of Business areas are unbalanced because not always does the debit and credit entries of a transaction lie in the same business area/cost center; but for cost accounting purposes, they are reasonably sufficient.
I hope this clears.
Jacob Joseph
Thank you for the reply. I understand I need to give more clearly about my doubt.
I want to configure FI and other modules and there is no CO or operating concern. But I want Balance sheet and Profit and Loss Account for each of the business area.
As you aware, the business area can be defined above or below company code level.
Is it possible to get what I want.
Kotni Ravi Kumar
In order to generate BS and P&L at business area level you should carry out the following:
1. You should have activated " Enable BA balance sheet" under enter global parametets in FA global settings.
2. You should do configuration under the transaction code "OBXM"
3. You also have run the transaction codes f.50 for P&L and 5.d & 5.e for Balance sheet readjustment.
System automatically posts the taxes and reconciliation accounts of NIL BA transactions to BA and tally the trial balance of all B. areas
Yerra Rao
Your explanations were excellent and precise, but I have a quick question why would one use business area against a profit center as business area data is never precise and getting a balance sheet report via business area is not recommended. Profit center would be better just a doubt please clarify
Sabarinathan Swaminathan
Why would I use business area against a profit center?" is a very pertinent one and conceptually necessary. Let me explain to you what a profit center exactly means, both in SAP terminology and in management accounting.
In management accounting, a profit center is an area or department from where the management wants to find out the return on investment or ROI, as the accountants know it. The concept in SAP is similar as it is used by management to find out the ROI. On the other hand, business areas are just segregation of business transaction origins. So, a certain business area can have more than one profit center within it. Both have their unique uses and both have their unique features.
Using the above understanding, you can easily work out where you would use business centers and where you would use profit centers.
Hope this clears,
Jacob Joseph
Thanks for the explanation its good thanks
Sabarinathan Swaminathan
Creating and Maintain SAP Business Area
You can set up several business areas for each client so that the system can assign the postings made in all company codes defined in this client.
To ensure consistency in document entry, you should give business areas the same name in all company codes.
Goto transaction SM30 and specify the view V_TGSB
To maintain to business area click the Maintain button.
Can any body tell me why we want to use business area and where it is going to be used, as I know it helps in consolidation and still more?
CG.Gopinath
Business Areas in SAP are used to differentiate transactions originating from different points/lines/locations in business. Let me give some examples to elucidiate:-
A company (say, ABC) is a huge company and has a variety of businesses under it. Let us say that it typically operates in 3 different domains like machinery manufacturing, trading and assembling of machine parts.
There are 2 options here now -
1. Either create different company codes for the 3 business operations (which would be the easiest and require no creativity)
or
2.) Create each of these business lines into business areas (the better option).
The advantages of using the second option is:
1. You can use these business areas if other company codes require the same areas
2. The configuration is simpler as in case of company code, you would require to go through the entire configuration of creating Chart of Accounts, Fiscal Year variants, posting periods variants and so on. In the business area option, you just need to attach it to the company code and the rest of the details in Business area is attached by default from the company code you are using it in.
3. Using the options in controlling (EC-PCA, Enterprise Controlling, Profit Centre Accounting), you can even draw up Balance Sheets and PL statements for your business areas and hence this is used for management accounting in some companies (like HP, Dell, etc) when it wants to know the operating profits for different business areas/lines.
The above was an example when the company wanted to separate entries according to the lines it operates in... the other case could be when it wants to find out profitability during its operations in cities and differentiates these cities into Business
Areas...
Business Areas are not much relevant in FI but are much more relevant in CO.
Hope this clears.
Jacob Joseph
You have given a very good example for Business Area. I have questions.
If I want the B/s and P&L Account for Business Area wise, I can take it. But, How about those transactions which are not assigned any business area during the document entry.
Kotni
Let me first be sure of what you are asking. Is it:
1) You want the B/S and P/L statements of transactions carried out in areas other than the business areas defined by you? or
2) You only want to view the transactions that were not carried out in any business area?
Whatever were your doubts, let me clarify.
If your doubt was the first one, then, in that case, the financial statements will not be available. There are reasons for the same. All transactions in FI pass through G/L accounts. The data in FI is then passed to CO through primary cost elements.
According to the settings that you have configured for your controlling area and operating concern, the costs are distributed to the various cost centers (Cost Center Accounting & CO-PA). The costs are then apportioned to the various cost centers (which may or may not be a part of your business areas or may be independent cost centers). Now, with this data, financial statements of the business area are drawn up. For transactions not part of business area, they are transferred to independent cost centers (e.g. like Head Office Salaries, HR, etc) and hence, cannot be drawn up as a financial statement but just as line item displays in your reconciliation ledger (if you have activated it in the CO-OM-CEL {Cost Element Accounting})
[The answer to your second doubt, I hope].
Financial statements of Business areas are unbalanced because not always does the debit and credit entries of a transaction lie in the same business area/cost center; but for cost accounting purposes, they are reasonably sufficient.
I hope this clears.
Jacob Joseph
Thank you for the reply. I understand I need to give more clearly about my doubt.
I want to configure FI and other modules and there is no CO or operating concern. But I want Balance sheet and Profit and Loss Account for each of the business area.
As you aware, the business area can be defined above or below company code level.
Is it possible to get what I want.
Kotni Ravi Kumar
In order to generate BS and P&L at business area level you should carry out the following:
1. You should have activated " Enable BA balance sheet" under enter global parametets in FA global settings.
2. You should do configuration under the transaction code "OBXM"
3. You also have run the transaction codes f.50 for P&L and 5.d & 5.e for Balance sheet readjustment.
System automatically posts the taxes and reconciliation accounts of NIL BA transactions to BA and tally the trial balance of all B. areas
Yerra Rao
Your explanations were excellent and precise, but I have a quick question why would one use business area against a profit center as business area data is never precise and getting a balance sheet report via business area is not recommended. Profit center would be better just a doubt please clarify
Sabarinathan Swaminathan
Why would I use business area against a profit center?" is a very pertinent one and conceptually necessary. Let me explain to you what a profit center exactly means, both in SAP terminology and in management accounting.
In management accounting, a profit center is an area or department from where the management wants to find out the return on investment or ROI, as the accountants know it. The concept in SAP is similar as it is used by management to find out the ROI. On the other hand, business areas are just segregation of business transaction origins. So, a certain business area can have more than one profit center within it. Both have their unique uses and both have their unique features.
Using the above understanding, you can easily work out where you would use business centers and where you would use profit centers.
Hope this clears,
Jacob Joseph
Thanks for the explanation its good thanks
Sabarinathan Swaminathan
Creating and Maintain SAP Business Area
You can set up several business areas for each client so that the system can assign the postings made in all company codes defined in this client.
To ensure consistency in document entry, you should give business areas the same name in all company codes.
Goto transaction SM30 and specify the view V_TGSB
To maintain to business area click the Maintain button.
Fastest way to create a SAP Company Code
Fastest way to create a SAP Company Code
SAP recommends that you used EC01 to copy an existing company code to a new one.
This has the advantage that you also copy the existing company code-specific parameters.
If necessary, you can then change certain data in the relevant application.
This is much less time-consuming than creating a new company code.
---------------
Meaning and Creation of Company codes
Which is the best method to create a company code.
- copy an existing company code or copying from country templates.
What is the process involved in copying from a country template.
For configuring SAP, generally three steps are required
1) create company name and address
2) creation of company code
3) currency and country setting
4) Assign company code to company
In same organisation i.e. in one company more than two company codes are maintaing, then its better to copy from other company code from ec01, later on you can customised/change specific settings according to client requirements.
If your want seperate setting in your own company code, that time its better to configure by creation rather than copy
In above that is your choice and need for reqirement.
Otherwise you can upload certain data by creating company code.
Rama Krishna
Now my doubt is What is the Difference between Company and Company Code?
Company is the smallest organizational unit for which individual financial statement can be drawn according to the relevant commercial law.
Company code is the smallest organizational unit for which complete, self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for external reporting purposes
Shyam
Company - A company is a legal entity or a organisation which is to carry out a business and under a company you have lot of sub companies.
For Example
Tata is a company
TCS,Tata Power,Tata Steel, is a company code under a company TATA
Under Company code you have business area associated with it where the business areas may be scattered in different parts of the world where you can have reporting done for different business area or you can also call it as Profit Centre.
Sakote Sanjay
A company is the Group of company and company code is the all the companies for which u want seperate books of accounts. Company codes are assigned to company for consolidation purpose.
example :- reliance is the company
and RIL,Reliance infocomm,Reliance Petrochem etc are the company codes.
All these co.codes are assigned to reliance company for consolidation purpose.
Gagan
Along with that technical difference is COMPANY cosists of 6 digit alphanumeric key where as COMPANY CODE cosists of 4 digit alphanumeric key.
Mahesh
Company means group company for example : Tata Group
Company code means one of the company of its group ex:
Tata Chemicals, TCS, Tata Steels etc.
SAP recommends that you used EC01 to copy an existing company code to a new one.
This has the advantage that you also copy the existing company code-specific parameters.
If necessary, you can then change certain data in the relevant application.
This is much less time-consuming than creating a new company code.
---------------
Meaning and Creation of Company codes
Which is the best method to create a company code.
- copy an existing company code or copying from country templates.
What is the process involved in copying from a country template.
For configuring SAP, generally three steps are required
1) create company name and address
2) creation of company code
3) currency and country setting
4) Assign company code to company
In same organisation i.e. in one company more than two company codes are maintaing, then its better to copy from other company code from ec01, later on you can customised/change specific settings according to client requirements.
If your want seperate setting in your own company code, that time its better to configure by creation rather than copy
In above that is your choice and need for reqirement.
Otherwise you can upload certain data by creating company code.
Rama Krishna
Now my doubt is What is the Difference between Company and Company Code?
Company is the smallest organizational unit for which individual financial statement can be drawn according to the relevant commercial law.
Company code is the smallest organizational unit for which complete, self-contained set of accounts can be drawn up for external reporting purposes
Shyam
Company - A company is a legal entity or a organisation which is to carry out a business and under a company you have lot of sub companies.
For Example
Tata is a company
TCS,Tata Power,Tata Steel, is a company code under a company TATA
Under Company code you have business area associated with it where the business areas may be scattered in different parts of the world where you can have reporting done for different business area or you can also call it as Profit Centre.
Sakote Sanjay
A company is the Group of company and company code is the all the companies for which u want seperate books of accounts. Company codes are assigned to company for consolidation purpose.
example :- reliance is the company
and RIL,Reliance infocomm,Reliance Petrochem etc are the company codes.
All these co.codes are assigned to reliance company for consolidation purpose.
Gagan
Along with that technical difference is COMPANY cosists of 6 digit alphanumeric key where as COMPANY CODE cosists of 4 digit alphanumeric key.
Mahesh
Company means group company for example : Tata Group
Company code means one of the company of its group ex:
Tata Chemicals, TCS, Tata Steels etc.
Change in Company Code Currency
Change in Company Code Currency
You are a live site in China using company code currency as "RMB". The client would like to change the same to "JPY". How to achieve the same and the impact of the same?
This will be a big task for you.
We did the same project before.
What's your strategy?
You`ll use the same client for the new currency, or you`ll have a brand new one.
What we`ve done before was creating a brand new environtment.
These were our strategies :
1. copied all the customization in a new client, no transactions and no master datas. so you`ll have the same settings
with your live system.
2. created a new company code with the new currency, and copy all the customization. this step was to minimize our
step in recustomization.
3. uploaded all the master datas...and started to do a new transaction. thats what we did. and fortunately our client
was satisfied w our job:D
The suggestion is don't do that in a live system or else you`ll have a big problem then.
You are a live site in China using company code currency as "RMB". The client would like to change the same to "JPY". How to achieve the same and the impact of the same?
This will be a big task for you.
We did the same project before.
What's your strategy?
You`ll use the same client for the new currency, or you`ll have a brand new one.
What we`ve done before was creating a brand new environtment.
These were our strategies :
1. copied all the customization in a new client, no transactions and no master datas. so you`ll have the same settings
with your live system.
2. created a new company code with the new currency, and copy all the customization. this step was to minimize our
step in recustomization.
3. uploaded all the master datas...and started to do a new transaction. thats what we did. and fortunately our client
was satisfied w our job:D
The suggestion is don't do that in a live system or else you`ll have a big problem then.
Explain The Difference In Currency
Explain The Difference In Currency
Explain the difference between group currency, parellel currency, hard currency and index based currency. Explain the context in which we use these.
Definition for different currencies:
Object currency - CO - A currency defined in the master record of a Controlling object (cost center, internal order, and
so on). When you create a Controlling object, the controlling area currency is defaulted as the object currency. You can change this.
Transaction Currency - the currency in which a business transaction is processed and booked. The business transaction can be posted in the transaction currency as well as in the local currency. This can occur when the trading partners use different local currencies. The transaction currency can differ from the controlling area currency and the object currency. The SAP system can perform currency translations using a predefined average exchange rate.
Hard currency - Hard Currencies are used in countries with high inflation to improve the value of transaction. When a
hard currency is selected, the document is automatically updated in the local currency and the hard currency. The config for hard currency is done at the country level
Group Currency - Group currencies are defined at the client level in table T000. Group currencies are used to enable
cross-company postings in controlling for company codes that use different company code currencies.
Index –Based Currency - Index based currencies are used for statutory reporting purposes for subsidiaries in some countries
that have an extreme amount of inflation.
Parallel currency - For company code, we may have one local currency and up to two parallel currencies in the system. All
documents are posted in both the local and parallel currencies. A hard currency is one type of parallel currency.
Explain the difference between group currency, parellel currency, hard currency and index based currency. Explain the context in which we use these.
Definition for different currencies:
Object currency - CO - A currency defined in the master record of a Controlling object (cost center, internal order, and
so on). When you create a Controlling object, the controlling area currency is defaulted as the object currency. You can change this.
Transaction Currency - the currency in which a business transaction is processed and booked. The business transaction can be posted in the transaction currency as well as in the local currency. This can occur when the trading partners use different local currencies. The transaction currency can differ from the controlling area currency and the object currency. The SAP system can perform currency translations using a predefined average exchange rate.
Hard currency - Hard Currencies are used in countries with high inflation to improve the value of transaction. When a
hard currency is selected, the document is automatically updated in the local currency and the hard currency. The config for hard currency is done at the country level
Group Currency - Group currencies are defined at the client level in table T000. Group currencies are used to enable
cross-company postings in controlling for company codes that use different company code currencies.
Index –Based Currency - Index based currencies are used for statutory reporting purposes for subsidiaries in some countries
that have an extreme amount of inflation.
Parallel currency - For company code, we may have one local currency and up to two parallel currencies in the system. All
documents are posted in both the local and parallel currencies. A hard currency is one type of parallel currency.
What is Valuation Area and Valuation Class
What is Valuation Area and Valuation Class
What is Valuation Area? How is it linked with Valuation Class? What is the significance of Valuation Area?
Valuation areas are nothing but the level at which you want to valuate your materials. SAP provides two levels of valuation Plant level and company code level.
For example:
Valuation at plant level: Suppose you have two plants one in Hissar and one in Andhra Pradesh, Then of course you would like to valuate the rawmaterials at plant level as because you have got transportation cost and taxes etc to account for.
Valuation at company code level:Here you valuate all your material in same way.
In One client valuation areas can either be set to plant level or company code level. Once you have made this setting this cant be changed
Valuation classes are linked to valuation class in Tcode OBYC
If your valuation area is at plant level then in OBYC you will find a coloumn for Valuation modifier you can provide your plant there.
For example:
Valuation Mod Valuation class Account
plant 1 3000 200130
What is Valuation Area? How is it linked with Valuation Class? What is the significance of Valuation Area?
Valuation areas are nothing but the level at which you want to valuate your materials. SAP provides two levels of valuation Plant level and company code level.
For example:
Valuation at plant level: Suppose you have two plants one in Hissar and one in Andhra Pradesh, Then of course you would like to valuate the rawmaterials at plant level as because you have got transportation cost and taxes etc to account for.
Valuation at company code level:Here you valuate all your material in same way.
In One client valuation areas can either be set to plant level or company code level. Once you have made this setting this cant be changed
Valuation classes are linked to valuation class in Tcode OBYC
If your valuation area is at plant level then in OBYC you will find a coloumn for Valuation modifier you can provide your plant there.
For example:
Valuation Mod Valuation class Account
plant 1 3000 200130
SAP FI/CO Certification Sample Questions
Caution: more than one answer may be correct.
Please mark ALL correct answers.
Question:
Which of the following statements are correct?
A More than one chart of accounts can be created for each client
B The chart of accounts contains all the G/L accounts, vendor accounts and customer accounts
C More than one company code can be allocated to the same chart of accounts
D The chart of accounts controls all the customising settings in the R/3 system
E All accounts within a chart of accounts must have the same tax code
Question:
What status reports does Cash Management and forecasting include?
A. Cash management position
B. Liquidity forecast
C. Credit limit report
D. G/L account balances
E. Bill holdings
Question:
Which of the following are clearing procedures in accounts receivable?
A. Incoming payment
B. Down payment request
C. Credit memo
D. Transfer posting
Question:
When creating an Overhead Cost Order, the first order information which must be entered is:
A. Order status
B. Order type
C. Settlement type
D. Curreny
E. Classification code
Question:
When creating an Overhead Cost Order, the settlement rule must be entered in the control data.
Which settlement receivers are available for internal orders?
A. Cost center
B. Orders
C. General ledger accounts
D. Asset
E. Vendor
Question:
In Controlling, a distinction is made between master data, planning, actual data and the information system.
Which of the following master data belongs to Controlling?
A. G/L account
B. Work center
C. Cost center
D. Activity type
E. Supplier
Question:
Withing Overhead Cost Controlling activities are calculated. A Sender/Receiver relationship exists. However, not all Sender/Receiver combinations are allowed.
Which of the following combinations make business sense?
A. Sender. Cost Center, Order, Project
Receiver. Cost Center, Order, Project
B. Sender. Order
Receiver. Cost Center, Project
C Sender. Cost Center
Receiver. Cost Center, Order, Project, Cost Object
Question:
Period closing activities are also performed in Controlling. This is dependent on certain prerequisites. Which of the following are MINIMUM criteria before it makes sense to carry out period closing?
A. The posting period has been closed.
B. Materials have been withdrawn.
C. Personnel costs have been incurred.
D. Overhead has been incurred.
E. An order was closed.
Please mark ALL correct answers.
Question:
Which of the following statements are correct?
A More than one chart of accounts can be created for each client
B The chart of accounts contains all the G/L accounts, vendor accounts and customer accounts
C More than one company code can be allocated to the same chart of accounts
D The chart of accounts controls all the customising settings in the R/3 system
E All accounts within a chart of accounts must have the same tax code
Question:
What status reports does Cash Management and forecasting include?
A. Cash management position
B. Liquidity forecast
C. Credit limit report
D. G/L account balances
E. Bill holdings
Question:
Which of the following are clearing procedures in accounts receivable?
A. Incoming payment
B. Down payment request
C. Credit memo
D. Transfer posting
Question:
When creating an Overhead Cost Order, the first order information which must be entered is:
A. Order status
B. Order type
C. Settlement type
D. Curreny
E. Classification code
Question:
When creating an Overhead Cost Order, the settlement rule must be entered in the control data.
Which settlement receivers are available for internal orders?
A. Cost center
B. Orders
C. General ledger accounts
D. Asset
E. Vendor
Question:
In Controlling, a distinction is made between master data, planning, actual data and the information system.
Which of the following master data belongs to Controlling?
A. G/L account
B. Work center
C. Cost center
D. Activity type
E. Supplier
Question:
Withing Overhead Cost Controlling activities are calculated. A Sender/Receiver relationship exists. However, not all Sender/Receiver combinations are allowed.
Which of the following combinations make business sense?
A. Sender. Cost Center, Order, Project
Receiver. Cost Center, Order, Project
B. Sender. Order
Receiver. Cost Center, Project
C Sender. Cost Center
Receiver. Cost Center, Order, Project, Cost Object
Question:
Period closing activities are also performed in Controlling. This is dependent on certain prerequisites. Which of the following are MINIMUM criteria before it makes sense to carry out period closing?
A. The posting period has been closed.
B. Materials have been withdrawn.
C. Personnel costs have been incurred.
D. Overhead has been incurred.
E. An order was closed.
Reasons For Archiving Financial Accounting Data
Reasons For Archiving Financial Accounting Data
What is financial archiving? Where it is used? Why? Where is it configured in IMG?
There are both technical and legal reasons for archiving Financial Accounting data.
Archiving:
1) Reduces storage and runtime problems caused by the constant growth of transaction data.
2) Makes master data easier to manage and to keep up to date.
3) Enables data to be accessed at a later date.
You can archive data no longer required in the online system using certain standard functions. This data is then stored in archive files and deleted from the online system. For legal and commercial reasons, it is important that you are able to access archived data files online again, and the reloading function allows you to do this.
Data must meet certain conditions before it can be archived. Some of these controls are already defined in the system, for instance the fact that you cannot archive documents that contain open items. Certain other controls are user-defined.
Every archiving function can be accessed from archive management (SARA).
To reach archive management, choose:
Tools --> Administration --> Archiving or from the Accounting --> Financial Accounting --> General Ledger, Accounts
Receivable, Accounts Payable or Banks menus --> Periodic processing Archiving .
When you access archive management from these menus, the archiving object is defaulted by the system in the field Object name. Otherwise you must enter the name of the archiving object manually.
What is financial archiving? Where it is used? Why? Where is it configured in IMG?
There are both technical and legal reasons for archiving Financial Accounting data.
Archiving:
1) Reduces storage and runtime problems caused by the constant growth of transaction data.
2) Makes master data easier to manage and to keep up to date.
3) Enables data to be accessed at a later date.
You can archive data no longer required in the online system using certain standard functions. This data is then stored in archive files and deleted from the online system. For legal and commercial reasons, it is important that you are able to access archived data files online again, and the reloading function allows you to do this.
Data must meet certain conditions before it can be archived. Some of these controls are already defined in the system, for instance the fact that you cannot archive documents that contain open items. Certain other controls are user-defined.
Every archiving function can be accessed from archive management (SARA).
To reach archive management, choose:
Tools --> Administration --> Archiving or from the Accounting --> Financial Accounting --> General Ledger, Accounts
Receivable, Accounts Payable or Banks menus --> Periodic processing Archiving .
When you access archive management from these menus, the archiving object is defaulted by the system in the field Object name. Otherwise you must enter the name of the archiving object manually.
Account Posting Inventory Accounting Entries
All the Inventory transactions will look for the valuation class and the corresponding G.L. Accounts and post
the values in the G.L accounts.
For Example: during Goods Receipt
Stock Account - Dr
G/R I/R Account - Cr
Freight Clearing account - Cr
Other expenses payable - Cr
During Invoice Verification
G/R I/R Account - Dr
Vendor - Cr
When the Goods are issued to the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Consumption of Raw Materials - Dr
Stock A/c - Cr
When the Goods are received from the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Inventory A/c - Dr
Cost of Goods Produced - Cr
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(depending on the difference between standard cost and actual cost)
When the Goods are dispatched to customer through delivery the following transactions takes place:
Cost of Goods Sold - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are issued to a Cost Center or charged off against expenses the following transactions takes place:
Repairs and Maintenance - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are stock transferred from one plant to another, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr (Receiving location)
Stock A/c - Cr (Sending location)
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(due to any difference between the standard costs between the two locations)
When the stocks are revalued, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr/Cr
Inventory Revaluation A/c - Cr / Dr
When the Work in Progress is calculated the following transaction takes place:
Work in Progress A/c - Dr
Change WIP A/c - Cr
Physical verification /shortages and excesses : Shortages/excesses on authorizations shall be adjusted using the physical inventory count transaction.
the values in the G.L accounts.
For Example: during Goods Receipt
Stock Account - Dr
G/R I/R Account - Cr
Freight Clearing account - Cr
Other expenses payable - Cr
During Invoice Verification
G/R I/R Account - Dr
Vendor - Cr
When the Goods are issued to the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Consumption of Raw Materials - Dr
Stock A/c - Cr
When the Goods are received from the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Inventory A/c - Dr
Cost of Goods Produced - Cr
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(depending on the difference between standard cost and actual cost)
When the Goods are dispatched to customer through delivery the following transactions takes place:
Cost of Goods Sold - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are issued to a Cost Center or charged off against expenses the following transactions takes place:
Repairs and Maintenance - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are stock transferred from one plant to another, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr (Receiving location)
Stock A/c - Cr (Sending location)
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(due to any difference between the standard costs between the two locations)
When the stocks are revalued, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr/Cr
Inventory Revaluation A/c - Cr / Dr
When the Work in Progress is calculated the following transaction takes place:
Work in Progress A/c - Dr
Change WIP A/c - Cr
Physical verification /shortages and excesses : Shortages/excesses on authorizations shall be adjusted using the physical inventory count transaction.
Account Posting Sales and Distribution Accounting Entries
INVOICE GENERATION
Invoices will be generated at the Smelters and stock points. The accounting entries for the sale of goods despatched will flow from the Sales invoice generated in SAP Sales and Distribution module. The following entries shall be passed
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Note: As mentioned above in the FI document, which is created in the background, the SD invoice number shall be captured. However as per the current accounting procedure the accounting entry passed is as follows :-
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Billed Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Excise duty paid a/c Dr
Excise duty payable a/c Cr
EXPORT SALES
There have been very few export transactions in the past. SAP system will be designed to handle export business. Exports are mainly from the mines and will be handled at the mines, however the documentation part will be taken care at the Head Office. The accounting entry is:
Customer Account Dr
Revenue (Exports) Cr
The realisation of export sales will be directly credited to the bank. The accounting entries will be as follow:
Bank Dr
Customer Cr
Exchange Fluctuation Dr/ Cr
The accounting entries will be:
Rebates/Discounts Dr
Customer Cr
DEBIT MEMOS
Debit Memos shall be issued in case of price difference, sale tax difference and interest on usance period and overdue payments.
The accounting entries for two possible scenarios are as follows:
Price Undercharged:
Customer Account Dr.
Revenue Cr.
Sales tax payable Cr.
Sales tax undercharged
Customer Account Dr.
Sales tax adjustment Cr.
Interest on delayed payments/usance period and other charges
Customer Account Dr.
Interest Others Cr.
In case of HZL a complete retirement or a partial retirement of asset is done. The system uses the asset retirement date to determine the amount to be charged off for each depreciation area. The existing accounting policy is to provide depreciation for the full quarter in which the asset is sold/discarded, recommended that the depreciation be provided from the date of acquisition on prorata basis .
Accounting entry for sale of Asset to customers:
Customer Account Dr
Asset Sale Cr
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Note: In case of any Sales Tax /Excise duty applicable for this transaction, SAP will calculate the Sales Tax/Excise Duty based on the Tax Code selected the entry is posted to the GL Account (Sales Tax Payable)
Accounting entry for sale without a customer:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Accounting entry for scrap
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale of Assets Dr
Asset account Cr
SALE OF SCRAP
The sale of scrap (non-stock) shall be mapped as a direct manual FI entry. The customer will be created as a FI customer. No Logistics module will be involved in the process.
A FI Invoice will be prepared for the sale of scrap with the following entries:
Customer Dr
Sale of Scrap Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
ADVANCES FROM CUSTOMERS
Advances are received from the customers against delivery. These advances will be recorded in a special general ledger account. The accounting entry for the same will be:
Bank Account Dr
Advance Customer Payments Cr
These advances will be later on adjusted against the invoices raised on the customers. Advances can be adjusted against more than one invoice at the time of clearing of the invoices against advances.
Adjustment of Advances
Customer Account Cr
Advance Customer Payments Dr
A financial document would be created for each Bank Guarantee received and this document number will be referred to in the Sales Order which would then monitor the value and the validity of the of the Bank Guarantee instrument wise while doing the billing.The letter of credit /Bank guarantee given will be recorded as a noted item.
Accounting Entry for Goods receipt
Stock/Inventory account Dr
GR/IR account Cr
Freight clearing account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of supplier
GR/IR Dr
Vendor account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of freight vendor
Freight clearing account Dr
Freight Vendor account Cr
GOODS RECEIPT
Based on the Purchase order and the Quantity actually received Goods Receipts (GR) will be done. Based on the GR done the following accounting entry will be passed in the Financial Accounts
RM/PM Stock Account Dr
GR/IR Account Cr
Freight Clearing Account Cr
EXCISE INVOICE VERIFICATION
On receipt of the excise invoice cum gate pass the following entry will be passed
RG 23 A / RG 23 C Part 2 Account Dr
Cenvat Clearing Account Cr
Invoices will be generated at the Smelters and stock points. The accounting entries for the sale of goods despatched will flow from the Sales invoice generated in SAP Sales and Distribution module. The following entries shall be passed
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Note: As mentioned above in the FI document, which is created in the background, the SD invoice number shall be captured. However as per the current accounting procedure the accounting entry passed is as follows :-
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Billed Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Excise duty paid a/c Dr
Excise duty payable a/c Cr
EXPORT SALES
There have been very few export transactions in the past. SAP system will be designed to handle export business. Exports are mainly from the mines and will be handled at the mines, however the documentation part will be taken care at the Head Office. The accounting entry is:
Customer Account Dr
Revenue (Exports) Cr
The realisation of export sales will be directly credited to the bank. The accounting entries will be as follow:
Bank Dr
Customer Cr
Exchange Fluctuation Dr/ Cr
The accounting entries will be:
Rebates/Discounts Dr
Customer Cr
DEBIT MEMOS
Debit Memos shall be issued in case of price difference, sale tax difference and interest on usance period and overdue payments.
The accounting entries for two possible scenarios are as follows:
Price Undercharged:
Customer Account Dr.
Revenue Cr.
Sales tax payable Cr.
Sales tax undercharged
Customer Account Dr.
Sales tax adjustment Cr.
Interest on delayed payments/usance period and other charges
Customer Account Dr.
Interest Others Cr.
In case of HZL a complete retirement or a partial retirement of asset is done. The system uses the asset retirement date to determine the amount to be charged off for each depreciation area. The existing accounting policy is to provide depreciation for the full quarter in which the asset is sold/discarded, recommended that the depreciation be provided from the date of acquisition on prorata basis .
Accounting entry for sale of Asset to customers:
Customer Account Dr
Asset Sale Cr
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Note: In case of any Sales Tax /Excise duty applicable for this transaction, SAP will calculate the Sales Tax/Excise Duty based on the Tax Code selected the entry is posted to the GL Account (Sales Tax Payable)
Accounting entry for sale without a customer:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Accounting entry for scrap
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale of Assets Dr
Asset account Cr
SALE OF SCRAP
The sale of scrap (non-stock) shall be mapped as a direct manual FI entry. The customer will be created as a FI customer. No Logistics module will be involved in the process.
A FI Invoice will be prepared for the sale of scrap with the following entries:
Customer Dr
Sale of Scrap Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
ADVANCES FROM CUSTOMERS
Advances are received from the customers against delivery. These advances will be recorded in a special general ledger account. The accounting entry for the same will be:
Bank Account Dr
Advance Customer Payments Cr
These advances will be later on adjusted against the invoices raised on the customers. Advances can be adjusted against more than one invoice at the time of clearing of the invoices against advances.
Adjustment of Advances
Customer Account Cr
Advance Customer Payments Dr
A financial document would be created for each Bank Guarantee received and this document number will be referred to in the Sales Order which would then monitor the value and the validity of the of the Bank Guarantee instrument wise while doing the billing.The letter of credit /Bank guarantee given will be recorded as a noted item.
Accounting Entry for Goods receipt
Stock/Inventory account Dr
GR/IR account Cr
Freight clearing account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of supplier
GR/IR Dr
Vendor account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of freight vendor
Freight clearing account Dr
Freight Vendor account Cr
GOODS RECEIPT
Based on the Purchase order and the Quantity actually received Goods Receipts (GR) will be done. Based on the GR done the following accounting entry will be passed in the Financial Accounts
RM/PM Stock Account Dr
GR/IR Account Cr
Freight Clearing Account Cr
EXCISE INVOICE VERIFICATION
On receipt of the excise invoice cum gate pass the following entry will be passed
RG 23 A / RG 23 C Part 2 Account Dr
Cenvat Clearing Account Cr
Account Posting Vendor Invoice Verification Accounting Entries
VENDOR INVOICE VERIFICATION
The detail process related to invoice verification is documented in Materials Management Document.
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Freight Clearing Account DR
Cenvat Clearing Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Foreign Vendor
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Custom vendor
On receipt of Vendor bill the follo wing entry will be passed:
1) RG 23A/RG 23C Part 2 A/c (CVD) A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c CR
2) G/R I/R A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c DR
Vendor A/c CR
3) Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Customs) CR
Invoice Verification for Freight / Clearing Agent
Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Clearing Agent) CR
Invoice Verification for Octroi Expenses
Cost of Material DR
Vendor A/c (Octroi) CR
TDS (Work Contract Tax) for Service Orders shall be calculated and deducted accordingly.
The following entry will be passed on bill passing:
Expenses Account DR
Vendor Account CR
TDS Account CR
The material shall be returned to the vendor using the
Return to vendor movement type in SAP
Creating a Return PO
These transactions will be processed in the MM module.
The accounting entries will be :
Returns after GRN
GR/IR A/c Dr
Stock A/c Cr
The accounting in respect of debit / credit memos for FI vendors, the process will be similar to that of invoice processing. The accounting entries will be:
On issue of debit note
Vendor Account DR
Expenses Account CR
In respect of import vendor - capital goods exchange differences are to be accounted manually through a Journal Voucher for capitalization.
Exchange rate differences will be accounted at HO. An example of the accounting entry in this case shall be:
Invoice entry @ 40 INR: 1 USD
Asset / Expense A/c DR 100
Vendor A/c CR 100
Payment Entry @ 41 INR: 1 USD
Vendor A/c DR 100
Bank A/c CR 110
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c DR 10
Asset A/c DR 10
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c CR 10
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Advance to supplier account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
GR/IR account Debit
Vendor account Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor down payment account Credit
Wherever, TDS is applicable, the TDS will be deducted at the time of down-payment to the vendor.
Down Payment for Capital (tangible) Assets
Down payment to vendors for capital acquisitions is to be reported separately in the Balance Sheet under the head Capital Work in Progress. Hence down payment for capital goods would be tracked through a separate special general ledger indicator.
The procedure to be followed is:
Definition of alternative reconciliation accounts for Accounts Payable for posting down payments made for Capital assets
Clearing the down payment in Accounts Payable with the closing invoice.
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
Asset A/c / Asset WIP Debit
Vendor A/c Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Credit
The Following are the TDS Rates (to be confirmed with the recent changes)
Particulars Tax Rate Surcharge Rate Total
Contractors – 194 C 2% 5% 2.10%
Advertising – 194 C 1% 5% 1.05%
Prof. Fees – 194 J 5% 5% 5.25%
Rent – Others – 194 I 15% 5% 15.75%
Rent – Company – 194 I 20% 5% 21%
Commission – 194H 5% 5% 5.25%
Interest - Others – 194 A 10% 5% 10.50%
Interest – Company – 194 A 20% 5% 21%
Special Concessional Tax
Works Contract Tax
SECURITY DEPOSITS /EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT RECEIVED FROM VENDORS
Bank A/c DR
Security Deposit Vendor CR
EMD to give the age so as to enable the same to be transferred to unclaimed EMD account.
PAYMENT OF TOUR ADVANCE DOMESTIC TOURS
Employee Advances will be paid by the Accounts Department unit wise based on the requisition or recommendation of the respective departmental head.
Employee Travel Advance A/c DR
Cash / Bank Account CR
The detail process related to invoice verification is documented in Materials Management Document.
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Freight Clearing Account DR
Cenvat Clearing Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Foreign Vendor
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Custom vendor
On receipt of Vendor bill the follo wing entry will be passed:
1) RG 23A/RG 23C Part 2 A/c (CVD) A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c CR
2) G/R I/R A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c DR
Vendor A/c CR
3) Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Customs) CR
Invoice Verification for Freight / Clearing Agent
Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Clearing Agent) CR
Invoice Verification for Octroi Expenses
Cost of Material DR
Vendor A/c (Octroi) CR
TDS (Work Contract Tax) for Service Orders shall be calculated and deducted accordingly.
The following entry will be passed on bill passing:
Expenses Account DR
Vendor Account CR
TDS Account CR
The material shall be returned to the vendor using the
Return to vendor movement type in SAP
Creating a Return PO
These transactions will be processed in the MM module.
The accounting entries will be :
Returns after GRN
GR/IR A/c Dr
Stock A/c Cr
The accounting in respect of debit / credit memos for FI vendors, the process will be similar to that of invoice processing. The accounting entries will be:
On issue of debit note
Vendor Account DR
Expenses Account CR
In respect of import vendor - capital goods exchange differences are to be accounted manually through a Journal Voucher for capitalization.
Exchange rate differences will be accounted at HO. An example of the accounting entry in this case shall be:
Invoice entry @ 40 INR: 1 USD
Asset / Expense A/c DR 100
Vendor A/c CR 100
Payment Entry @ 41 INR: 1 USD
Vendor A/c DR 100
Bank A/c CR 110
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c DR 10
Asset A/c DR 10
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c CR 10
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Advance to supplier account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
GR/IR account Debit
Vendor account Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor down payment account Credit
Wherever, TDS is applicable, the TDS will be deducted at the time of down-payment to the vendor.
Down Payment for Capital (tangible) Assets
Down payment to vendors for capital acquisitions is to be reported separately in the Balance Sheet under the head Capital Work in Progress. Hence down payment for capital goods would be tracked through a separate special general ledger indicator.
The procedure to be followed is:
Definition of alternative reconciliation accounts for Accounts Payable for posting down payments made for Capital assets
Clearing the down payment in Accounts Payable with the closing invoice.
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
Asset A/c / Asset WIP Debit
Vendor A/c Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Credit
The Following are the TDS Rates (to be confirmed with the recent changes)
Particulars Tax Rate Surcharge Rate Total
Contractors – 194 C 2% 5% 2.10%
Advertising – 194 C 1% 5% 1.05%
Prof. Fees – 194 J 5% 5% 5.25%
Rent – Others – 194 I 15% 5% 15.75%
Rent – Company – 194 I 20% 5% 21%
Commission – 194H 5% 5% 5.25%
Interest - Others – 194 A 10% 5% 10.50%
Interest – Company – 194 A 20% 5% 21%
Special Concessional Tax
Works Contract Tax
SECURITY DEPOSITS /EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT RECEIVED FROM VENDORS
Bank A/c DR
Security Deposit Vendor CR
EMD to give the age so as to enable the same to be transferred to unclaimed EMD account.
PAYMENT OF TOUR ADVANCE DOMESTIC TOURS
Employee Advances will be paid by the Accounts Department unit wise based on the requisition or recommendation of the respective departmental head.
Employee Travel Advance A/c DR
Cash / Bank Account CR
Account Posting Reversal Entry In Accounting
Why do we pass reversal enteries?
At times some incorrect documents might have been entered in the systems.
If you have entered an incorrect document, you can reverse it. Note that R/3 can reverse a document only if the following conditions are met:
- Contains no cleared items
- Contains only vendor, customer, or G/L line items
- Was posted within the FI system
- Contains only valid values, such as business areas, cost centers, and tax codes
Ordinarily, you post a reversing document in the same period you posted the original document. The period of the original document must be open to post a reversing document. If the period is not open, you can overwrite the posting date field with a date in an open period, such as the current period.
Reversal can be done individually - FB08 or Mass F.80.
If the document to be reveresed contain cleared items, then cleared item must be reset before the reversal of document.
At times some incorrect documents might have been entered in the systems.
If you have entered an incorrect document, you can reverse it. Note that R/3 can reverse a document only if the following conditions are met:
- Contains no cleared items
- Contains only vendor, customer, or G/L line items
- Was posted within the FI system
- Contains only valid values, such as business areas, cost centers, and tax codes
Ordinarily, you post a reversing document in the same period you posted the original document. The period of the original document must be open to post a reversing document. If the period is not open, you can overwrite the posting date field with a date in an open period, such as the current period.
Reversal can be done individually - FB08 or Mass F.80.
If the document to be reveresed contain cleared items, then cleared item must be reset before the reversal of document.
Account Posting Banking Transaction Financial Accounting Entries
Settlement Of Tour Advances Domestic/Foreign
1) Settlement of advance will be done by the Accounts Department based on the Travel Expense Statement submitted by the employee, which is approved by the Concerned Department Head.
2) Expenses Account DR
Cash/Bank Account DR (if, refund)
Employee Advance Account CR
Cash/Bank Sub ledger Account CR (if, payable)
3) Banking Operations - Maintenance Of Bank Master
4) A House Bank is a combination of a Bank and a Branch. Account id is the account number. A house bank can have multiple account IDs.. There could be a main account as also payable account, which will be defined as separate account ids. General Ledger accounts have to be created for each combination of a house bank and account ID. The bank master details are to be provided by HZL.
5) General Ledger accounts have to be created for each account ID in the house bank. Bank Account Master data will be maintained by the Finance Department centrally.
6) Each house bank and account ID combination shall have one main general ledger account and several sub accounts mainly based on broad transaction types. These sub accounts are necessary to facilitate automatic bank reconciliation process in R/3 system.
Bank Accounting
7) The accounting entries will be generated automatically according to the posting rules attached to the Transaction type. The following accounting entry is passed by the system in respect of cheque deposit on account of collection from domestic customers.
Bank cheque deposit account Debit
Customer account Credit
8) In this case, a bank sub account is selected based on the transaction code entered by the user. The customer account is cleared i.e. invoice is cleared against the receipt. In respect of any other deposits, the relevant accounts to be credited will depend on the nature of transaction.
9) Payment against bills for collection. Based on the bank advices falling due on a particular day one payment advice is made debiting the vendors and crediting bank.
Cheque Deposit - Customer Receipts
10) All cheques received from customers shall be accounted at the point of receipt. The entry posted shall be
Bank Sub account Dr
Customer Account Cr
Cheque Deposit - Other Than Customer Receipts
11) All other receipts will be accounted through the Incoming Payment Transaction of the Accounts Receivables module.
Cheque Bouncing – Other Than Customer Receipts
12) Based on the information of cheque bounced from the Bank, the accounts Department will pass accounting entries for the cheque that have been bounced. The procedure to handle bouncing of a cheque has been discussed under the following
13) Reset the clearing document – If the document has been cleared i.e. an open outstanding item has been cleared against an incoming receipt, then the clearing document has to be reset to its original status of open item. This process is known as reset of cleared document.
14) Reverse the entry passed for cheque deposited earlier – Once the document has been reset it will be reversed. The following accounting entry will be passed.
FI Customer DR
Bank cheque deposit account CR
15) In case of cheques being damaged while printing, the concerned cheques no. has to be voided and the payment will be rerun.
Bank Reconciliation
16) The Bank reconciliation process is based on the entries passed through the Bank sub account and main account. The process is dependent on the Bank Statement received from the Bank that will be entered into SAP. Accounting rules are to be defined for each transaction type and posting rule for posting accounting entries as per bank statement. Bank statements to be uploaded into SAP.
17) Bank Main account balance is the actual balance as per the bank statement whereas the Bank sub accounts denote the reconciliation items. These sub accounts show those entries, which will flow from the sub account which are not cleared in the bank statement.
18) Adding or subtracting the Bank sub accounts will help in preparing the Bank reconciliation statement.
19) The following scenarios would explain the reconciliation process:
- Cheque received from customer
- Cheque issued to vendors
- Cheque received from Other than Customers
- Direct Debits in Bank Statement
- Direct Credits in Bank Statement
- Fund Transfer between Bank Accounts
Cheque Received From Customer
20) Accounting entry at the time of cheque deposit entry
Bank Cheque deposit account Debit
Customer Credit
21) Accounting entry after cheque has been cleared in the Bank statement Main Bank account
Debit Bank
Cheque deposit account Credit
22) The clearing criteria for updating the bank main account and bank sub account will be amount and document number which will be captured in the allocation field of the bank sub account. The items, which have not been cleared in the bank statement, will remain open in the bank sub account and will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Cheque Issued To Vendors
23) Accounting entry at the time of cheque issue
Vendor account Debit
Bank cheque payment account Credit
24) Accounting entry after cheque has been presented in the Bank
Bank cheque payment account Debit
Main Bank account Credit
25) The clearing criteria used for updating vendor account and Bank cheque payment account will be amount and cheque number. The cheques presented to the bank and are cleared are transferred to the bank main account. The remaining cheque issued will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Direct Debit In Bank
26) Direct debit instructions will be given to the bank for example, LC payments or certain bank charges are directly debited in the Bank Statement. In this case accounting entry is passed only after the entry is passed in the bank statement.
Vendor / Expense Account Debit
Bank clearing account Credit
Direct Credit In Bank
27) Customer receipts are sometimes directly credited in Bank. E.g. export receipts. In this scenario accounting entry is passed only at the time of bank statement entry. The following accounting entry is passed
Bank clearing account Debit
Customer account Credit
Main Bank A/c Debit
Bank Clearing A/c Credit
Bank Fixed Deposits
28) HZL has a practice of converting any amount above Rs. 1 crore in its Main bank account, to a fixed deposit subject to a minimum of Rs. 1.01 crores. The FDR number can be filled in one of the fields available in the accounting document.
Cheque Management / Cheque Printing Cum Advice
29) The function of cheque management will enable printing of cheque through SAP. Cheque series will be defined for a combination of a Company code and Bank Account. Cheque numbering will be sequential order.
30) Cheque series for automatic payment has to be in sequential order. Cheque printing facility will be available for the bank account.
Cash Management / Liquidity Analysis
31) The day-to-day treasury process in a company includes a number of transactions. This includes determining the current liquidity using bank account balances (cash position), determining open receivables and liabilities (liquidity forecast), manually entering planned cash flows (payment advice notes), through to clearing bank accounts, that is, collecting multiple bank account balances on one target account.
32) The main objective is to ensure liquidity for all due payment obligations. It is also important to control and monitor effectively the incoming and outgoing cash flows.
33) This section shows you the overall liquidity status of your company by displaying together the cash position and the liquidity forecast. The cash position is used in Cash Management to show the value-date-dependent bank accounts and bank clearing accounts, as well as the planned cash flows (payment advice notes). The liquidity forecast comprises the incoming and outgoing cash flows, as well as the planned items on the sub-ledger accounts.
1) Settlement of advance will be done by the Accounts Department based on the Travel Expense Statement submitted by the employee, which is approved by the Concerned Department Head.
2) Expenses Account DR
Cash/Bank Account DR (if, refund)
Employee Advance Account CR
Cash/Bank Sub ledger Account CR (if, payable)
3) Banking Operations - Maintenance Of Bank Master
4) A House Bank is a combination of a Bank and a Branch. Account id is the account number. A house bank can have multiple account IDs.. There could be a main account as also payable account, which will be defined as separate account ids. General Ledger accounts have to be created for each combination of a house bank and account ID. The bank master details are to be provided by HZL.
5) General Ledger accounts have to be created for each account ID in the house bank. Bank Account Master data will be maintained by the Finance Department centrally.
6) Each house bank and account ID combination shall have one main general ledger account and several sub accounts mainly based on broad transaction types. These sub accounts are necessary to facilitate automatic bank reconciliation process in R/3 system.
Bank Accounting
7) The accounting entries will be generated automatically according to the posting rules attached to the Transaction type. The following accounting entry is passed by the system in respect of cheque deposit on account of collection from domestic customers.
Bank cheque deposit account Debit
Customer account Credit
8) In this case, a bank sub account is selected based on the transaction code entered by the user. The customer account is cleared i.e. invoice is cleared against the receipt. In respect of any other deposits, the relevant accounts to be credited will depend on the nature of transaction.
9) Payment against bills for collection. Based on the bank advices falling due on a particular day one payment advice is made debiting the vendors and crediting bank.
Cheque Deposit - Customer Receipts
10) All cheques received from customers shall be accounted at the point of receipt. The entry posted shall be
Bank Sub account Dr
Customer Account Cr
Cheque Deposit - Other Than Customer Receipts
11) All other receipts will be accounted through the Incoming Payment Transaction of the Accounts Receivables module.
Cheque Bouncing – Other Than Customer Receipts
12) Based on the information of cheque bounced from the Bank, the accounts Department will pass accounting entries for the cheque that have been bounced. The procedure to handle bouncing of a cheque has been discussed under the following
13) Reset the clearing document – If the document has been cleared i.e. an open outstanding item has been cleared against an incoming receipt, then the clearing document has to be reset to its original status of open item. This process is known as reset of cleared document.
14) Reverse the entry passed for cheque deposited earlier – Once the document has been reset it will be reversed. The following accounting entry will be passed.
FI Customer DR
Bank cheque deposit account CR
15) In case of cheques being damaged while printing, the concerned cheques no. has to be voided and the payment will be rerun.
Bank Reconciliation
16) The Bank reconciliation process is based on the entries passed through the Bank sub account and main account. The process is dependent on the Bank Statement received from the Bank that will be entered into SAP. Accounting rules are to be defined for each transaction type and posting rule for posting accounting entries as per bank statement. Bank statements to be uploaded into SAP.
17) Bank Main account balance is the actual balance as per the bank statement whereas the Bank sub accounts denote the reconciliation items. These sub accounts show those entries, which will flow from the sub account which are not cleared in the bank statement.
18) Adding or subtracting the Bank sub accounts will help in preparing the Bank reconciliation statement.
19) The following scenarios would explain the reconciliation process:
- Cheque received from customer
- Cheque issued to vendors
- Cheque received from Other than Customers
- Direct Debits in Bank Statement
- Direct Credits in Bank Statement
- Fund Transfer between Bank Accounts
Cheque Received From Customer
20) Accounting entry at the time of cheque deposit entry
Bank Cheque deposit account Debit
Customer Credit
21) Accounting entry after cheque has been cleared in the Bank statement Main Bank account
Debit Bank
Cheque deposit account Credit
22) The clearing criteria for updating the bank main account and bank sub account will be amount and document number which will be captured in the allocation field of the bank sub account. The items, which have not been cleared in the bank statement, will remain open in the bank sub account and will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Cheque Issued To Vendors
23) Accounting entry at the time of cheque issue
Vendor account Debit
Bank cheque payment account Credit
24) Accounting entry after cheque has been presented in the Bank
Bank cheque payment account Debit
Main Bank account Credit
25) The clearing criteria used for updating vendor account and Bank cheque payment account will be amount and cheque number. The cheques presented to the bank and are cleared are transferred to the bank main account. The remaining cheque issued will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Direct Debit In Bank
26) Direct debit instructions will be given to the bank for example, LC payments or certain bank charges are directly debited in the Bank Statement. In this case accounting entry is passed only after the entry is passed in the bank statement.
Vendor / Expense Account Debit
Bank clearing account Credit
Direct Credit In Bank
27) Customer receipts are sometimes directly credited in Bank. E.g. export receipts. In this scenario accounting entry is passed only at the time of bank statement entry. The following accounting entry is passed
Bank clearing account Debit
Customer account Credit
Main Bank A/c Debit
Bank Clearing A/c Credit
Bank Fixed Deposits
28) HZL has a practice of converting any amount above Rs. 1 crore in its Main bank account, to a fixed deposit subject to a minimum of Rs. 1.01 crores. The FDR number can be filled in one of the fields available in the accounting document.
Cheque Management / Cheque Printing Cum Advice
29) The function of cheque management will enable printing of cheque through SAP. Cheque series will be defined for a combination of a Company code and Bank Account. Cheque numbering will be sequential order.
30) Cheque series for automatic payment has to be in sequential order. Cheque printing facility will be available for the bank account.
Cash Management / Liquidity Analysis
31) The day-to-day treasury process in a company includes a number of transactions. This includes determining the current liquidity using bank account balances (cash position), determining open receivables and liabilities (liquidity forecast), manually entering planned cash flows (payment advice notes), through to clearing bank accounts, that is, collecting multiple bank account balances on one target account.
32) The main objective is to ensure liquidity for all due payment obligations. It is also important to control and monitor effectively the incoming and outgoing cash flows.
33) This section shows you the overall liquidity status of your company by displaying together the cash position and the liquidity forecast. The cash position is used in Cash Management to show the value-date-dependent bank accounts and bank clearing accounts, as well as the planned cash flows (payment advice notes). The liquidity forecast comprises the incoming and outgoing cash flows, as well as the planned items on the sub-ledger accounts.
Inventory Accounting Entries in SAP FICO
All the Inventory transactions will look for the valuation class and the corresponding G.L. Accounts and post
the values in the G.L accounts.
For Example: during Goods Receipt
Stock Account - Dr
G/R I/R Account - Cr
Freight Clearing account - Cr
Other expenses payable - Cr
During Invoice Verification
G/R I/R Account - Dr
Vendor - Cr
When the Goods are issued to the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Consumption of Raw Materials - Dr
Stock A/c - Cr
When the Goods are received from the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Inventory A/c - Dr
Cost of Goods Produced - Cr
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(depending on the difference between standard cost and actual cost)
When the Goods are dispatched to customer through delivery the following transactions takes place:
Cost of Goods Sold - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are issued to a Cost Center or charged off against expenses the following transactions takes place:
Repairs and Maintenance - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are stock transferred from one plant to another, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr (Receiving location)
Stock A/c - Cr (Sending location)
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(due to any difference between the standard costs between the two locations)
When the stocks are revalued, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr/Cr
Inventory Revaluation A/c - Cr / Dr
When the Work in Progress is calculated the following transaction takes place:
Work in Progress A/c - Dr
Change WIP A/c - Cr
Physical verification /shortages and excesses : Shortages/excesses on authorizations shall be adjusted using the physical inventory count transaction.
the values in the G.L accounts.
For Example: during Goods Receipt
Stock Account - Dr
G/R I/R Account - Cr
Freight Clearing account - Cr
Other expenses payable - Cr
During Invoice Verification
G/R I/R Account - Dr
Vendor - Cr
When the Goods are issued to the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Consumption of Raw Materials - Dr
Stock A/c - Cr
When the Goods are received from the Production Order the following transactions takes place:
Inventory A/c - Dr
Cost of Goods Produced - Cr
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(depending on the difference between standard cost and actual cost)
When the Goods are dispatched to customer through delivery the following transactions takes place:
Cost of Goods Sold - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are issued to a Cost Center or charged off against expenses the following transactions takes place:
Repairs and Maintenance - Dr
Inventory A/c - Cr
When the Goods are stock transferred from one plant to another, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr (Receiving location)
Stock A/c - Cr (Sending location)
Price difference - Dr/Cr
(due to any difference between the standard costs between the two locations)
When the stocks are revalued, the following transactions takes place:
Stock A/c - Dr/Cr
Inventory Revaluation A/c - Cr / Dr
When the Work in Progress is calculated the following transaction takes place:
Work in Progress A/c - Dr
Change WIP A/c - Cr
Physical verification /shortages and excesses : Shortages/excesses on authorizations shall be adjusted using the physical inventory count transaction.
Sales and Distribution Accounting Entries in SAP FICO
INVOICE GENERATION
Invoices will be generated at the Smelters and stock points. The accounting entries for the sale of goods despatched will flow from the Sales invoice generated in SAP Sales and Distribution module. The following entries shall be passed
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Note: As mentioned above in the FI document, which is created in the background, the SD invoice number shall be captured. However as per the current accounting procedure the accounting entry passed is as follows :-
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Billed Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Excise duty paid a/c Dr
Excise duty payable a/c Cr
EXPORT SALES
There have been very few export transactions in the past. SAP system will be designed to handle export business. Exports are mainly from the mines and will be handled at the mines, however the documentation part will be taken care at the Head Office. The accounting entry is:
Customer Account Dr
Revenue (Exports) Cr
The realisation of export sales will be directly credited to the bank. The accounting entries will be as follow:
Bank Dr
Customer Cr
Exchange Fluctuation Dr/ Cr
The accounting entries will be:
Rebates/Discounts Dr
Customer Cr
DEBIT MEMOS
Debit Memos shall be issued in case of price difference, sale tax difference and interest on usance period and overdue payments.
The accounting entries for two possible scenarios are as follows:
Price Undercharged:
Customer Account Dr.
Revenue Cr.
Sales tax payable Cr.
Sales tax undercharged
Customer Account Dr.
Sales tax adjustment Cr.
Interest on delayed payments/usance period and other charges
Customer Account Dr.
Interest Others Cr.
In case of HZL a complete retirement or a partial retirement of asset is done. The system uses the asset retirement date to determine the amount to be charged off for each depreciation area. The existing accounting policy is to provide depreciation for the full quarter in which the asset is sold/discarded, recommended that the depreciation be provided from the date of acquisition on prorata basis .
Accounting entry for sale of Asset to customers:
Customer Account Dr
Asset Sale Cr
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Note: In case of any Sales Tax /Excise duty applicable for this transaction, SAP will calculate the Sales Tax/Excise Duty based on the Tax Code selected the entry is posted to the GL Account (Sales Tax Payable)
Accounting entry for sale without a customer:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Accounting entry for scrap
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale of Assets Dr
Asset account Cr
SALE OF SCRAP
The sale of scrap (non-stock) shall be mapped as a direct manual FI entry. The customer will be created as a FI customer. No Logistics module will be involved in the process.
A FI Invoice will be prepared for the sale of scrap with the following entries:
Customer Dr
Sale of Scrap Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
ADVANCES FROM CUSTOMERS
Advances are received from the customers against delivery. These advances will be recorded in a special general ledger account. The accounting entry for the same will be:
Bank Account Dr
Advance Customer Payments Cr
These advances will be later on adjusted against the invoices raised on the customers. Advances can be adjusted against more than one invoice at the time of clearing of the invoices against advances.
Adjustment of Advances
Customer Account Cr
Advance Customer Payments Dr
A financial document would be created for each Bank Guarantee received and this document number will be referred to in the Sales Order which would then monitor the value and the validity of the of the Bank Guarantee instrument wise while doing the billing.The letter of credit /Bank guarantee given will be recorded as a noted item.
Accounting Entry for Goods receipt
Stock/Inventory account Dr
GR/IR account Cr
Freight clearing account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of supplier
GR/IR Dr
Vendor account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of freight vendor
Freight clearing account Dr
Freight Vendor account Cr
GOODS RECEIPT
Based on the Purchase order and the Quantity actually received Goods Receipts (GR) will be done. Based on the GR done the following accounting entry will be passed in the Financial Accounts
RM/PM Stock Account Dr
GR/IR Account Cr
Freight Clearing Account Cr
EXCISE INVOICE VERIFICATION
On receipt of the excise invoice cum gate pass the following entry will be passed
RG 23 A / RG 23 C Part 2 Account Dr
Cenvat Clearing Account Cr
Invoices will be generated at the Smelters and stock points. The accounting entries for the sale of goods despatched will flow from the Sales invoice generated in SAP Sales and Distribution module. The following entries shall be passed
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Note: As mentioned above in the FI document, which is created in the background, the SD invoice number shall be captured. However as per the current accounting procedure the accounting entry passed is as follows :-
Customer Account Dr
Revenue Cr
Excise Duty Billed Cr
Sales Tax Payable (local or central) Cr
Excise duty paid a/c Dr
Excise duty payable a/c Cr
EXPORT SALES
There have been very few export transactions in the past. SAP system will be designed to handle export business. Exports are mainly from the mines and will be handled at the mines, however the documentation part will be taken care at the Head Office. The accounting entry is:
Customer Account Dr
Revenue (Exports) Cr
The realisation of export sales will be directly credited to the bank. The accounting entries will be as follow:
Bank Dr
Customer Cr
Exchange Fluctuation Dr/ Cr
The accounting entries will be:
Rebates/Discounts Dr
Customer Cr
DEBIT MEMOS
Debit Memos shall be issued in case of price difference, sale tax difference and interest on usance period and overdue payments.
The accounting entries for two possible scenarios are as follows:
Price Undercharged:
Customer Account Dr.
Revenue Cr.
Sales tax payable Cr.
Sales tax undercharged
Customer Account Dr.
Sales tax adjustment Cr.
Interest on delayed payments/usance period and other charges
Customer Account Dr.
Interest Others Cr.
In case of HZL a complete retirement or a partial retirement of asset is done. The system uses the asset retirement date to determine the amount to be charged off for each depreciation area. The existing accounting policy is to provide depreciation for the full quarter in which the asset is sold/discarded, recommended that the depreciation be provided from the date of acquisition on prorata basis .
Accounting entry for sale of Asset to customers:
Customer Account Dr
Asset Sale Cr
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Note: In case of any Sales Tax /Excise duty applicable for this transaction, SAP will calculate the Sales Tax/Excise Duty based on the Tax Code selected the entry is posted to the GL Account (Sales Tax Payable)
Accounting entry for sale without a customer:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale (if applicable) Dr
Asset Sale account Dr
Asset account Cr
Profit on sale (if applicable) Cr
Accounting entry for scrap
Accumulated Depreciation Dr
Loss on Sale of Assets Dr
Asset account Cr
SALE OF SCRAP
The sale of scrap (non-stock) shall be mapped as a direct manual FI entry. The customer will be created as a FI customer. No Logistics module will be involved in the process.
A FI Invoice will be prepared for the sale of scrap with the following entries:
Customer Dr
Sale of Scrap Cr
Excise Duty Payable Cr
ADVANCES FROM CUSTOMERS
Advances are received from the customers against delivery. These advances will be recorded in a special general ledger account. The accounting entry for the same will be:
Bank Account Dr
Advance Customer Payments Cr
These advances will be later on adjusted against the invoices raised on the customers. Advances can be adjusted against more than one invoice at the time of clearing of the invoices against advances.
Adjustment of Advances
Customer Account Cr
Advance Customer Payments Dr
A financial document would be created for each Bank Guarantee received and this document number will be referred to in the Sales Order which would then monitor the value and the validity of the of the Bank Guarantee instrument wise while doing the billing.The letter of credit /Bank guarantee given will be recorded as a noted item.
Accounting Entry for Goods receipt
Stock/Inventory account Dr
GR/IR account Cr
Freight clearing account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of supplier
GR/IR Dr
Vendor account Cr
Accounting Entry on invoice verification of freight vendor
Freight clearing account Dr
Freight Vendor account Cr
GOODS RECEIPT
Based on the Purchase order and the Quantity actually received Goods Receipts (GR) will be done. Based on the GR done the following accounting entry will be passed in the Financial Accounts
RM/PM Stock Account Dr
GR/IR Account Cr
Freight Clearing Account Cr
EXCISE INVOICE VERIFICATION
On receipt of the excise invoice cum gate pass the following entry will be passed
RG 23 A / RG 23 C Part 2 Account Dr
Cenvat Clearing Account Cr
Vendor Invoice Verification Accounting Entries in SAP FICO
VENDOR INVOICE VERIFICATION
The detail process related to invoice verification is documented in Materials Management Document.
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Freight Clearing Account DR
Cenvat Clearing Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Foreign Vendor
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Custom vendor
On receipt of Vendor bill the follo wing entry will be passed:
1) RG 23A/RG 23C Part 2 A/c (CVD) A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c CR
2) G/R I/R A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c DR
Vendor A/c CR
3) Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Customs) CR
Invoice Verification for Freight / Clearing Agent
Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Clearing Agent) CR
Invoice Verification for Octroi Expenses
Cost of Material DR
Vendor A/c (Octroi) CR
TDS (Work Contract Tax) for Service Orders shall be calculated and deducted accordingly.
The following entry will be passed on bill passing:
Expenses Account DR
Vendor Account CR
TDS Account CR
The material shall be returned to the vendor using the
Return to vendor movement type in SAP
Creating a Return PO
These transactions will be processed in the MM module.
The accounting entries will be :
Returns after GRN
GR/IR A/c Dr
Stock A/c Cr
The accounting in respect of debit / credit memos for FI vendors, the process will be similar to that of invoice processing. The accounting entries will be:
On issue of debit note
Vendor Account DR
Expenses Account CR
In respect of import vendor - capital goods exchange differences are to be accounted manually through a Journal Voucher for capitalization.
Exchange rate differences will be accounted at HO. An example of the accounting entry in this case shall be:
Invoice entry @ 40 INR: 1 USD
Asset / Expense A/c DR 100
Vendor A/c CR 100
Payment Entry @ 41 INR: 1 USD
Vendor A/c DR 100
Bank A/c CR 110
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c DR 10
Asset A/c DR 10
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c CR 10
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Advance to supplier account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
GR/IR account Debit
Vendor account Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor down payment account Credit
Wherever, TDS is applicable, the TDS will be deducted at the time of down-payment to the vendor.
Down Payment for Capital (tangible) Assets
Down payment to vendors for capital acquisitions is to be reported separately in the Balance Sheet under the head Capital Work in Progress. Hence down payment for capital goods would be tracked through a separate special general ledger indicator.
The procedure to be followed is:
Definition of alternative reconciliation accounts for Accounts Payable for posting down payments made for Capital assets
Clearing the down payment in Accounts Payable with the closing invoice.
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
Asset A/c / Asset WIP Debit
Vendor A/c Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Credit
The Following are the TDS Rates (to be confirmed with the recent changes)
Particulars Tax Rate Surcharge Rate Total
Contractors – 194 C 2% 5% 2.10%
Advertising – 194 C 1% 5% 1.05%
Prof. Fees – 194 J 5% 5% 5.25%
Rent – Others – 194 I 15% 5% 15.75%
Rent – Company – 194 I 20% 5% 21%
Commission – 194H 5% 5% 5.25%
Interest - Others – 194 A 10% 5% 10.50%
Interest – Company – 194 A 20% 5% 21%
Special Concessional Tax
Works Contract Tax
SECURITY DEPOSITS /EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT RECEIVED FROM VENDORS
Bank A/c DR
Security Deposit Vendor CR
EMD to give the age so as to enable the same to be transferred to unclaimed EMD account.
PAYMENT OF TOUR ADVANCE DOMESTIC TOURS
Employee Advances will be paid by the Accounts Department unit wise based on the requisition or recommendation of the respective departmental head.
Employee Travel Advance A/c DR
Cash / Bank Account CR
The detail process related to invoice verification is documented in Materials Management Document.
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Freight Clearing Account DR
Cenvat Clearing Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Foreign Vendor
On receipt of vendor bill the following entry will be passed:
GR/IR Account DR
Vendor Account CR
Invoice Verification for Custom vendor
On receipt of Vendor bill the follo wing entry will be passed:
1) RG 23A/RG 23C Part 2 A/c (CVD) A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c CR
2) G/R I/R A/c DR
Cenvat Clearing A/c DR
Vendor A/c CR
3) Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Customs) CR
Invoice Verification for Freight / Clearing Agent
Cost of Material A/c DR
Vendor A/c (Clearing Agent) CR
Invoice Verification for Octroi Expenses
Cost of Material DR
Vendor A/c (Octroi) CR
TDS (Work Contract Tax) for Service Orders shall be calculated and deducted accordingly.
The following entry will be passed on bill passing:
Expenses Account DR
Vendor Account CR
TDS Account CR
The material shall be returned to the vendor using the
Return to vendor movement type in SAP
Creating a Return PO
These transactions will be processed in the MM module.
The accounting entries will be :
Returns after GRN
GR/IR A/c Dr
Stock A/c Cr
The accounting in respect of debit / credit memos for FI vendors, the process will be similar to that of invoice processing. The accounting entries will be:
On issue of debit note
Vendor Account DR
Expenses Account CR
In respect of import vendor - capital goods exchange differences are to be accounted manually through a Journal Voucher for capitalization.
Exchange rate differences will be accounted at HO. An example of the accounting entry in this case shall be:
Invoice entry @ 40 INR: 1 USD
Asset / Expense A/c DR 100
Vendor A/c CR 100
Payment Entry @ 41 INR: 1 USD
Vendor A/c DR 100
Bank A/c CR 110
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c DR 10
Asset A/c DR 10
Exchange rate loss Capital A/c CR 10
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Advance to supplier account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
GR/IR account Debit
Vendor account Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor down payment account Credit
Wherever, TDS is applicable, the TDS will be deducted at the time of down-payment to the vendor.
Down Payment for Capital (tangible) Assets
Down payment to vendors for capital acquisitions is to be reported separately in the Balance Sheet under the head Capital Work in Progress. Hence down payment for capital goods would be tracked through a separate special general ledger indicator.
The procedure to be followed is:
Definition of alternative reconciliation accounts for Accounts Payable for posting down payments made for Capital assets
Clearing the down payment in Accounts Payable with the closing invoice.
A new G/L account shall be created for the special G/L transactions.
The accounting entry for making the down payment shall be:
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Debit
Bank A/c Credit
When the invoice is booked the following entry is passed
Asset A/c / Asset WIP Debit
Vendor A/c Credit
Clearing of Invoice against Down Payment
Vendor A/c Debit
Vendor Advance for Capital Goods Account Credit
The Following are the TDS Rates (to be confirmed with the recent changes)
Particulars Tax Rate Surcharge Rate Total
Contractors – 194 C 2% 5% 2.10%
Advertising – 194 C 1% 5% 1.05%
Prof. Fees – 194 J 5% 5% 5.25%
Rent – Others – 194 I 15% 5% 15.75%
Rent – Company – 194 I 20% 5% 21%
Commission – 194H 5% 5% 5.25%
Interest - Others – 194 A 10% 5% 10.50%
Interest – Company – 194 A 20% 5% 21%
Special Concessional Tax
Works Contract Tax
SECURITY DEPOSITS /EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT RECEIVED FROM VENDORS
Bank A/c DR
Security Deposit Vendor CR
EMD to give the age so as to enable the same to be transferred to unclaimed EMD account.
PAYMENT OF TOUR ADVANCE DOMESTIC TOURS
Employee Advances will be paid by the Accounts Department unit wise based on the requisition or recommendation of the respective departmental head.
Employee Travel Advance A/c DR
Cash / Bank Account CR
Reversal Entry In Accounting in SAP FICO
Why do we pass reversal enteries?
At times some incorrect documents might have been entered in the systems.
If you have entered an incorrect document, you can reverse it. Note that R/3 can reverse a document only if the following conditions are met:
- Contains no cleared items
- Contains only vendor, customer, or G/L line items
- Was posted within the FI system
- Contains only valid values, such as business areas, cost centers, and tax codes
Ordinarily, you post a reversing document in the same period you posted the original document. The period of the original document must be open to post a reversing document. If the period is not open, you can overwrite the posting date field with a date in an open period, such as the current period.
Reversal can be done individually - FB08 or Mass F.80.
If the document to be reveresed contain cleared items, then cleared item must be reset before the reversal of document.
At times some incorrect documents might have been entered in the systems.
If you have entered an incorrect document, you can reverse it. Note that R/3 can reverse a document only if the following conditions are met:
- Contains no cleared items
- Contains only vendor, customer, or G/L line items
- Was posted within the FI system
- Contains only valid values, such as business areas, cost centers, and tax codes
Ordinarily, you post a reversing document in the same period you posted the original document. The period of the original document must be open to post a reversing document. If the period is not open, you can overwrite the posting date field with a date in an open period, such as the current period.
Reversal can be done individually - FB08 or Mass F.80.
If the document to be reveresed contain cleared items, then cleared item must be reset before the reversal of document.
Banking Transaction Financial Accounting Entries In SAP FICO
Settlement Of Tour Advances Domestic/Foreign
1) Settlement of advance will be done by the Accounts Department based on the Travel Expense Statement submitted by the employee, which is approved by the Concerned Department Head.
2) Expenses Account DR
Cash/Bank Account DR (if, refund)
Employee Advance Account CR
Cash/Bank Sub ledger Account CR (if, payable)
3) Banking Operations - Maintenance Of Bank Master
4) A House Bank is a combination of a Bank and a Branch. Account id is the account number. A house bank can have multiple account IDs.. There could be a main account as also payable account, which will be defined as separate account ids. General Ledger accounts have to be created for each combination of a house bank and account ID. The bank master details are to be provided by HZL.
5) General Ledger accounts have to be created for each account ID in the house bank. Bank Account Master data will be maintained by the Finance Department centrally.
6) Each house bank and account ID combination shall have one main general ledger account and several sub accounts mainly based on broad transaction types. These sub accounts are necessary to facilitate automatic bank reconciliation process in R/3 system.
Bank Accounting
7) The accounting entries will be generated automatically according to the posting rules attached to the Transaction type. The following accounting entry is passed by the system in respect of cheque deposit on account of collection from domestic customers.
Bank cheque deposit account Debit
Customer account Credit
8) In this case, a bank sub account is selected based on the transaction code entered by the user. The customer account is cleared i.e. invoice is cleared against the receipt. In respect of any other deposits, the relevant accounts to be credited will depend on the nature of transaction.
9) Payment against bills for collection. Based on the bank advices falling due on a particular day one payment advice is made debiting the vendors and crediting bank.
Cheque Deposit - Customer Receipts
10) All cheques received from customers shall be accounted at the point of receipt. The entry posted shall be
Bank Sub account Dr
Customer Account Cr
Cheque Deposit - Other Than Customer Receipts
11) All other receipts will be accounted through the Incoming Payment Transaction of the Accounts Receivables module.
Cheque Bouncing – Other Than Customer Receipts
12) Based on the information of cheque bounced from the Bank, the accounts Department will pass accounting entries for the cheque that have been bounced. The procedure to handle bouncing of a cheque has been discussed under the following
13) Reset the clearing document – If the document has been cleared i.e. an open outstanding item has been cleared against an incoming receipt, then the clearing document has to be reset to its original status of open item. This process is known as reset of cleared document.
14) Reverse the entry passed for cheque deposited earlier – Once the document has been reset it will be reversed. The following accounting entry will be passed.
FI Customer DR
Bank cheque deposit account CR
15) In case of cheques being damaged while printing, the concerned cheques no. has to be voided and the payment will be rerun.
Bank Reconciliation
16) The Bank reconciliation process is based on the entries passed through the Bank sub account and main account. The process is dependent on the Bank Statement received from the Bank that will be entered into SAP. Accounting rules are to be defined for each transaction type and posting rule for posting accounting entries as per bank statement. Bank statements to be uploaded into SAP.
17) Bank Main account balance is the actual balance as per the bank statement whereas the Bank sub accounts denote the reconciliation items. These sub accounts show those entries, which will flow from the sub account which are not cleared in the bank statement.
18) Adding or subtracting the Bank sub accounts will help in preparing the Bank reconciliation statement.
19) The following scenarios would explain the reconciliation process:
- Cheque received from customer
- Cheque issued to vendors
- Cheque received from Other than Customers
- Direct Debits in Bank Statement
- Direct Credits in Bank Statement
- Fund Transfer between Bank Accounts
Cheque Received From Customer
20) Accounting entry at the time of cheque deposit entry
Bank Cheque deposit account Debit
Customer Credit
21) Accounting entry after cheque has been cleared in the Bank statement Main Bank account
Debit Bank
Cheque deposit account Credit
22) The clearing criteria for updating the bank main account and bank sub account will be amount and document number which will be captured in the allocation field of the bank sub account. The items, which have not been cleared in the bank statement, will remain open in the bank sub account and will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Cheque Issued To Vendors
23) Accounting entry at the time of cheque issue
Vendor account Debit
Bank cheque payment account Credit
24) Accounting entry after cheque has been presented in the Bank
Bank cheque payment account Debit
Main Bank account Credit
25) The clearing criteria used for updating vendor account and Bank cheque payment account will be amount and cheque number. The cheques presented to the bank and are cleared are transferred to the bank main account. The remaining cheque issued will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Direct Debit In Bank
26) Direct debit instructions will be given to the bank for example, LC payments or certain bank charges are directly debited in the Bank Statement. In this case accounting entry is passed only after the entry is passed in the bank statement.
Vendor / Expense Account Debit
Bank clearing account Credit
Direct Credit In Bank
27) Customer receipts are sometimes directly credited in Bank. E.g. export receipts. In this scenario accounting entry is passed only at the time of bank statement entry. The following accounting entry is passed
Bank clearing account Debit
Customer account Credit
Main Bank A/c Debit
Bank Clearing A/c Credit
Bank Fixed Deposits
28) HZL has a practice of converting any amount above Rs. 1 crore in its Main bank account, to a fixed deposit subject to a minimum of Rs. 1.01 crores. The FDR number can be filled in one of the fields available in the accounting document.
Cheque Management / Cheque Printing Cum Advice
29) The function of cheque management will enable printing of cheque through SAP. Cheque series will be defined for a combination of a Company code and Bank Account. Cheque numbering will be sequential order.
30) Cheque series for automatic payment has to be in sequential order. Cheque printing facility will be available for the bank account.
Cash Management / Liquidity Analysis
31) The day-to-day treasury process in a company includes a number of transactions. This includes determining the current liquidity using bank account balances (cash position), determining open receivables and liabilities (liquidity forecast), manually entering planned cash flows (payment advice notes), through to clearing bank accounts, that is, collecting multiple bank account balances on one target account.
32) The main objective is to ensure liquidity for all due payment obligations. It is also important to control and monitor effectively the incoming and outgoing cash flows.
33) This section shows you the overall liquidity status of your company by displaying together the cash position and the liquidity forecast. The cash position is used in Cash Management to show the value-date-dependent bank accounts and bank clearing accounts, as well as the planned cash flows (payment advice notes). The liquidity forecast comprises the incoming and outgoing cash flows, as well as the planned items on the sub-ledger accounts.
1) Settlement of advance will be done by the Accounts Department based on the Travel Expense Statement submitted by the employee, which is approved by the Concerned Department Head.
2) Expenses Account DR
Cash/Bank Account DR (if, refund)
Employee Advance Account CR
Cash/Bank Sub ledger Account CR (if, payable)
3) Banking Operations - Maintenance Of Bank Master
4) A House Bank is a combination of a Bank and a Branch. Account id is the account number. A house bank can have multiple account IDs.. There could be a main account as also payable account, which will be defined as separate account ids. General Ledger accounts have to be created for each combination of a house bank and account ID. The bank master details are to be provided by HZL.
5) General Ledger accounts have to be created for each account ID in the house bank. Bank Account Master data will be maintained by the Finance Department centrally.
6) Each house bank and account ID combination shall have one main general ledger account and several sub accounts mainly based on broad transaction types. These sub accounts are necessary to facilitate automatic bank reconciliation process in R/3 system.
Bank Accounting
7) The accounting entries will be generated automatically according to the posting rules attached to the Transaction type. The following accounting entry is passed by the system in respect of cheque deposit on account of collection from domestic customers.
Bank cheque deposit account Debit
Customer account Credit
8) In this case, a bank sub account is selected based on the transaction code entered by the user. The customer account is cleared i.e. invoice is cleared against the receipt. In respect of any other deposits, the relevant accounts to be credited will depend on the nature of transaction.
9) Payment against bills for collection. Based on the bank advices falling due on a particular day one payment advice is made debiting the vendors and crediting bank.
Cheque Deposit - Customer Receipts
10) All cheques received from customers shall be accounted at the point of receipt. The entry posted shall be
Bank Sub account Dr
Customer Account Cr
Cheque Deposit - Other Than Customer Receipts
11) All other receipts will be accounted through the Incoming Payment Transaction of the Accounts Receivables module.
Cheque Bouncing – Other Than Customer Receipts
12) Based on the information of cheque bounced from the Bank, the accounts Department will pass accounting entries for the cheque that have been bounced. The procedure to handle bouncing of a cheque has been discussed under the following
13) Reset the clearing document – If the document has been cleared i.e. an open outstanding item has been cleared against an incoming receipt, then the clearing document has to be reset to its original status of open item. This process is known as reset of cleared document.
14) Reverse the entry passed for cheque deposited earlier – Once the document has been reset it will be reversed. The following accounting entry will be passed.
FI Customer DR
Bank cheque deposit account CR
15) In case of cheques being damaged while printing, the concerned cheques no. has to be voided and the payment will be rerun.
Bank Reconciliation
16) The Bank reconciliation process is based on the entries passed through the Bank sub account and main account. The process is dependent on the Bank Statement received from the Bank that will be entered into SAP. Accounting rules are to be defined for each transaction type and posting rule for posting accounting entries as per bank statement. Bank statements to be uploaded into SAP.
17) Bank Main account balance is the actual balance as per the bank statement whereas the Bank sub accounts denote the reconciliation items. These sub accounts show those entries, which will flow from the sub account which are not cleared in the bank statement.
18) Adding or subtracting the Bank sub accounts will help in preparing the Bank reconciliation statement.
19) The following scenarios would explain the reconciliation process:
- Cheque received from customer
- Cheque issued to vendors
- Cheque received from Other than Customers
- Direct Debits in Bank Statement
- Direct Credits in Bank Statement
- Fund Transfer between Bank Accounts
Cheque Received From Customer
20) Accounting entry at the time of cheque deposit entry
Bank Cheque deposit account Debit
Customer Credit
21) Accounting entry after cheque has been cleared in the Bank statement Main Bank account
Debit Bank
Cheque deposit account Credit
22) The clearing criteria for updating the bank main account and bank sub account will be amount and document number which will be captured in the allocation field of the bank sub account. The items, which have not been cleared in the bank statement, will remain open in the bank sub account and will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Cheque Issued To Vendors
23) Accounting entry at the time of cheque issue
Vendor account Debit
Bank cheque payment account Credit
24) Accounting entry after cheque has been presented in the Bank
Bank cheque payment account Debit
Main Bank account Credit
25) The clearing criteria used for updating vendor account and Bank cheque payment account will be amount and cheque number. The cheques presented to the bank and are cleared are transferred to the bank main account. The remaining cheque issued will form part of the bank reconciliation statement.
Direct Debit In Bank
26) Direct debit instructions will be given to the bank for example, LC payments or certain bank charges are directly debited in the Bank Statement. In this case accounting entry is passed only after the entry is passed in the bank statement.
Vendor / Expense Account Debit
Bank clearing account Credit
Direct Credit In Bank
27) Customer receipts are sometimes directly credited in Bank. E.g. export receipts. In this scenario accounting entry is passed only at the time of bank statement entry. The following accounting entry is passed
Bank clearing account Debit
Customer account Credit
Main Bank A/c Debit
Bank Clearing A/c Credit
Bank Fixed Deposits
28) HZL has a practice of converting any amount above Rs. 1 crore in its Main bank account, to a fixed deposit subject to a minimum of Rs. 1.01 crores. The FDR number can be filled in one of the fields available in the accounting document.
Cheque Management / Cheque Printing Cum Advice
29) The function of cheque management will enable printing of cheque through SAP. Cheque series will be defined for a combination of a Company code and Bank Account. Cheque numbering will be sequential order.
30) Cheque series for automatic payment has to be in sequential order. Cheque printing facility will be available for the bank account.
Cash Management / Liquidity Analysis
31) The day-to-day treasury process in a company includes a number of transactions. This includes determining the current liquidity using bank account balances (cash position), determining open receivables and liabilities (liquidity forecast), manually entering planned cash flows (payment advice notes), through to clearing bank accounts, that is, collecting multiple bank account balances on one target account.
32) The main objective is to ensure liquidity for all due payment obligations. It is also important to control and monitor effectively the incoming and outgoing cash flows.
33) This section shows you the overall liquidity status of your company by displaying together the cash position and the liquidity forecast. The cash position is used in Cash Management to show the value-date-dependent bank accounts and bank clearing accounts, as well as the planned cash flows (payment advice notes). The liquidity forecast comprises the incoming and outgoing cash flows, as well as the planned items on the sub-ledger accounts.
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